India Opposes Chlorpyrifos Inclusion in Stockholm Convention

India has recently expressed its opposition to the inclusion of Chlorpyrifos under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. This international treaty aims to protect human health and the environment. Chlorpyrifos is a hazardous insecticide linked to serious health issues, including neurodevelopmental problems and cancers. The debate occurred during the BRS conventions held in Geneva from April 28 to May 9, 2025.

Background on Chlorpyrifos

Chlorpyrifos is a chemical widely used in agriculture. It has been registered in India since 1977 and was the most used pesticide in 2016-17. The chemical is classified as a moderately hazardous pesticide by the World Health Organization. It inhibits an enzyme that is crucial for nervous system function, leading to various health effects.

Stockholm Convention Overview

The Stockholm Convention aims to eliminate or restrict the use of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). These substances are toxic, accumulate in the environment, and can magnify through the food chain. Chlorpyrifos was nominated for global phase-out by the European Union in 2021 and has been recommended for inclusion in Annex A of the Convention.

India’s Position

India argues that there are no viable alternatives to Chlorpyrifos, which could jeopardise food security. The country has previously opposed the banning of other chemicals, such as endosulfan. Indian delegates have brought into light the importance of Chlorpyrifos in controlling urban pests and vector-borne diseases.

Global Perspectives

Many countries, including the European Union and Tunisia, support the listing of Chlorpyrifos in Annex A. Some nations suggest exemptions for specific agricultural uses. A contact group at the BRS Convention discussed additional exemptions for various crops and pest control applications. Critics argue that alternatives exist, pointing to successful bans in other countries with similar agricultural conditions.

Health and Environmental Concerns

Chlorpyrifos poses health risks, including potential carcinogenic effects. Studies have shown its prevalence in food products, with a 2024 study revealing a 33% detection rate in Delhi markets. Over 40 countries have already banned its use due to its toxicity to aquatic life and pollinators.

Alternatives and Future Directions

The Government of India is promoting natural farming as an alternative to chemical pesticides. Reports suggest that non-chemical alternatives to Chlorpyrifos exist. The ongoing discussions at the Stockholm Convention will also address other hazardous chemicals, including long-chain perfluorocarboxylic acids.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Discuss the implications of persistent organic pollutants on global health and the environment.
2. Critically examine the role of international treaties in regulating hazardous chemicals like Chlorpyrifos.
3. What are the potential health effects associated with Chlorpyrifos exposure? Explain.
4. What is the significance of promoting natural farming practices in India? How can it serve as an alternative to chemical pesticides?

Answer Hints:

1. Discuss the implications of persistent organic pollutants on global health and the environment.

1. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are toxic substances that remain in the environment for long periods, accumulating in living organisms.
2. They can cause serious health issues, including cancer, reproductive disorders, and neurodevelopmental problems in humans.
3. POPs disrupt ecosystems, affecting wildlife and biodiversity due to their toxicity and bioaccumulation in food chains.
4. Global transport of POPs can lead to widespread environmental contamination, affecting regions far from their source.
5. Efforts to regulate and eliminate POPs through treaties like the Stockholm Convention are crucial for safeguarding public health and ecosystems.

2. Critically examine the role of international treaties in regulating hazardous chemicals like Chlorpyrifos.

1. International treaties, such as the Stockholm Convention, aim to eliminate or restrict hazardous chemicals to protect human health and the environment.
2. These treaties facilitate cooperation among countries to address transboundary pollution and promote sustainable practices.
3. They provide a framework for scientific assessment and consensus-building on the risks associated with hazardous substances.
4. However, implementation can be challenged by national interests, industrial lobbying, and the availability of alternatives.
5. Effective enforcement and compliance mechanisms are essential for the success of these treaties in regulating chemicals like Chlorpyrifos.

3. What are the potential health effects associated with Chlorpyrifos exposure? Explain.

1. Chlorpyrifos exposure can lead to acute symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, and nausea due to its neurotoxic effects.
2. Chronic exposure is linked to severe health issues, including developmental delays in children and potential carcinogenic effects.
3. It inhibits acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme vital for nervous system function, causing long-term neurological problems.
4. Residues on food crops can lead to dietary exposure, raising concerns about food safety and public health.
5. Regulatory bodies, like the WHO and EPA, classify it as a moderately hazardous pesticide, emphasizing the need for caution in its use.

4. What is the significance of promoting natural farming practices in India? How can it serve as an alternative to chemical pesticides?

1. Natural farming practices enhance soil health, biodiversity, and ecosystem resilience, reducing dependency on synthetic chemicals.
2. They can improve food security by promoting sustainable agricultural practices that yield healthier crops without harmful residues.
3. Natural farming aligns with government initiatives aimed at reducing chemical pesticide use and promoting organic farming.
4. It offers economic benefits to farmers through reduced input costs and access to premium markets for organic produce.
5. Promoting natural farming can help mitigate health risks associated with chemical pesticides like Chlorpyrifos and protect environmental integrity.