India and Pakistan recently undertook an exchange of their respective nuclear installations and facilities, marking a significant occurrence in the diplomatic relations between these nations. This exchange was facilitated through their diplomatic channels situated in New Delhi (India) and Islamabad (Pakistan) and is placed under the Agreement on the Prohibition of Attack against Nuclear Installations and Facilities between the two countries.
About the Agreement on Prohibition of Attack Against Nuclear Installations and Facilities
This agreement was inked on 31st December 1988 by the then Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto. The treaty was officially invoked on 27th January 1991. The recent exchange marks the 33rd consecutive occurrence since the first one on 1st January 1992. This agreement was primarily rooted to ease the tensions that had brewed due to Operation Brasstacks, a military exercise conducted by the Indian Army during 1986-87 near the Pakistani border. The agreement mandated both nations to inform each other about any nuclear installations and facilities on every 1st January of each calendar year.
Major Areas of Dispute between India and Pakistan
Several areas of disagreement exist between these countries. Notable ones include contraventions at the Line of Control (LoC), cross-border terrorism, water sharing issues, restrictions in trade and economic connections, and the escalated Chinese influence in Pakistan.
Kashmir Dispute and Violations at LoC
The Kashmir dispute continues, fueled by constant breaches of ceasefire at the LoC. This often results in casualties, increasing the tensions between the two nations. Furthermore, disagreements on demilitarization on both sides of the LoC remain unresolved, which impedes the progress towards peace.
Cross-border Terrorism
India frequently accuses Pakistan of backing militants infiltrating the LoC to execute terror attacks. Discrepancies in designating certain militant groups as terrorist organizations by both countries pose hurdles to counter-terrorism cooperation, impacting civilian populations and furthering animosity between the two nations.
Issues with Water Sharing and Trade
Disputes exist over the construction of dams and hydroelectric projects on the Indus River and its tributaries, which affect water flow and usage rights. Additionally, differences in interpreting and implementing clauses of the Indus Water Treaty regarding water allocation and dispute resolution mechanisms are prevalent. In the field of trade, restrictive policies and high tariffs have hindered economic connectivity between the nations.
The Chinese Factor
The increased Chinese investment and presence in Pakistan, especially projects like the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, have raised concerns for India about strategic alliances and balance of power.
Moving Towards Dispute Resolution
Resolution could be achieved through confidence-building measures such as establishing secure communication channels for open dialogue and crisis management, and implementing and strengthening ceasefire agreements. Moreover, people-to-people initiatives can help improve relations.
A meaningful resolution to the Kashmir issue is necessary, considering the aspirations of the Kashmiri people and respecting international legal frameworks. Combating terrorism and effectively implementing the Indus Water Treaty can also help manage disputes. Both countries need to balance their relations with external powers like China and the US to avoid jeopardizing bilateral progress. Finally, fostering public understanding and support can be achieved through responsible media coverage, avoiding negative stereotyping, and emphasizing stories of cooperation and shared history.
