India Raises Concerns Over China’s Brahmaputra Dam

In December 2024, India expressed concerns regarding China‘s approval of the construction of the world’s largest dam on the Brahmaputra River, located in Tibet near the Indian border. The project, estimated to cost around USD 137 billion, has raised alarms in lower riparian states, particularly India and Bangladesh. India has formally conveyed its apprehensions to China, denoting the need for transparency and consultation about activities upstream that may impact downstream nations.

Background of the Brahmaputra River

The Brahmaputra River, known as the Yarlung Tsangpo in Tibet, is important water source for several countries. It flows through China, India, and Bangladesh, impacting millions of lives. The river supports agriculture, drinking water, and hydroelectric power generation. Changes in its flow due to upstream projects can have severe consequences for downstream ecosystems and communities.

India’s Diplomatic Response

India has lodged a protest with China regarding the dam project. Indian officials have sought prior information and consultation about such mega projects. The Ministry of External Affairs has reiterated the importance of safeguarding the interests of downstream nations. India maintains that it has established user rights to the river’s waters.

Details of the Dam Project

The dam will be constructed in a gorge where the Brahmaputra makes U-turn before entering India. This project is set to be the largest infrastructure initiative globally, surpassing China’s Three Gorges Dam. Chinese officials claim that extensive studies have been conducted to ensure minimal environmental impact, despite concerns regarding the ecological fragility of the Himalayan region.

China’s Position

Chinese officials have downplayed the potential negative impacts of the dam on downstream countries. They assert that the project has undergone thorough assessments and that measures are in place to protect the environment. The Chinese Foreign Ministry has stated that the project will not adversely affect the lower reaches of the river.

Establishment of New Counties

In addition to the dam, India has protested against China’s establishment of two new counties in the Hotan Prefecture. These counties encroach upon the Union Territory of Ladakh, which India claims as its territory. India has firmly rejected China’s actions, asserting its sovereignty over the region and condemning the illegal occupation.

Geopolitical Implications

The construction of the dam and the establishment of new counties reflect ongoing geopolitical tensions between India and China. The situation puts stress on the complexities of water diplomacy in a region where multiple countries rely on shared water resources. This scenario may lead to increased scrutiny and potential conflict over water rights and territorial integrity.

Monitoring and Future Actions

India has committed to monitoring the situation closely. It aims to take necessary measures to protect its interests and ensure that its rights as a lower riparian state are upheld. Diplomatic channels remain open for further discussions with China regarding these developments.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Critically analyse the implications of the Brahmaputra dam project on India-Bangladesh relations.
2. Estimate the potential environmental impacts of large-scale hydropower projects in ecologically sensitive regions.
3. Point out the significance of water diplomacy in South Asia amidst rising geopolitical tensions.
4. What are the historical claims of India over the Aksai Chin region? Discuss the implications of China’s actions in this context.

Answer Hints:

1. Critically analyse the implications of the Brahmaputra dam project on India-Bangladesh relations.

1. The dam may alter the flow of the Brahmaputra, impacting water availability in Bangladesh, which relies heavily on the river.
2. Increased tensions could arise due to perceived threats to water security, potentially straining diplomatic relations.
3. Both countries have established user rights to the river, making collaboration essential to avoid conflict.
4. India’s concerns may lead to a united front with Bangladesh against China’s unilateral actions.
5. The situation puts stress on the need for effective water-sharing agreements to manage shared resources responsibly.

2. Estimate the potential environmental impacts of large-scale hydropower projects in ecologically sensitive regions.

1. Large dams can disrupt local ecosystems, affecting flora and fauna dependent on natural river flow.
2. Alterations in sediment transport can lead to erosion and loss of fertile land downstream.
3. Hydropower projects may increase the risk of seismic activity in tectonically active regions like the Himalayas.
4. Changes in water temperature and chemistry can affect aquatic life and biodiversity.
5. Potential displacement of local communities and loss of livelihoods can exacerbate social tensions.

3. Point out the significance of water diplomacy in South Asia amidst rising geopolitical tensions.

1. Water diplomacy is crucial for managing shared resources, preventing conflicts, and encouraging cooperation among nations.
2. It plays a key role in addressing the needs of lower riparian states like India and Bangladesh regarding upstream projects.
3. Effective negotiation can help establish equitable water-sharing agreements, minimizing tensions.
4. Water-related issues can serve as a platform for broader diplomatic engagement, improving regional stability.
5. As climate change exacerbates water scarcity, proactive water diplomacy becomes even more vital for sustainable development.

4. What are the historical claims of India over the Aksai Chin region? Discuss the implications of China’s actions in this context.

1. India claims Aksai Chin based on historical maps and treaties, viewing it as part of its Union Territory of Ladakh.
2. The region is strategically , serving as a route for military and trade between Tibet and Xinjiang.
3. China’s establishment of new counties is seen as an attempt to legitimize its control over the disputed territory.
4. India’s protest puts stress on its commitment to sovereignty and territorial integrity, potentially escalating tensions.
5. The situation reflects broader geopolitical dynamics, complicating bilateral relations and regional security in South Asia.