Coffee in India has quite a rich history and unique cultivation practices. India is the sixth-largest producer of coffee globally, with Brazil, Vietnam, Colombia, Indonesia, Ethiopia, and Honduras outranking it, according to Statista. Coffee was first introduced to the country in the late 17th century when an Indian pilgrim smuggled seven coffee beans from Yemen. The Dutch then helped spread coffee cultivation during their occupation in the 17th century. However, widespread commercial farming of the crop only began in the mid-19th century under British rule, particularly in the Mysore region.
The South Indian Coffee Blend
The South Indian coffee blend, a unique mix of coffee and chicory powders, has gained recent attention for its potential health benefits. Chicory, a herb native to Europe and Asia, contains inulin that is beneficial for health and found in fruits, vegetables, and other herbs. This starchy substance has mild laxative properties, reduces swelling, and is rich in beta-carotene. Notably, chicory does not contain caffeine, making it a suitable complement to coffee.
Health Benefits of Coffee
Coffee presents various health benefits, including protection against oxidative damage, reduced risk of Type 2 diabetes, and reduced likelihood of age-related diseases. Interestingly, South Indian filter coffee is often served with hot milk. Research from the University of Copenhagen suggests that the combination of proteins and antioxidants present in milk may have an anti-inflammatory effect when added to coffee. In response to these findings, a large-scale human trial is underway to examine the health effects of milk-added coffee.
Coffee Cultivation and Biodiversity
Coffee plantation practices in India predominantly involve growing under thick natural shades in the ecologically sensitive regions of the Western and Eastern Ghats. Coffee plantations in these regions are recognized as biodiversity hotspots and contribute significantly to India’s unique biodiversity.
Export and Domestic Consumption of Indian Coffee
Around 65% to 70% of the coffee produced in India is exported, while the rest is consumed domestically. Coffee cultivation also plays a vital role in sustaining biodiversity and promoting socio-economic development in remote hilly areas.
Impact of Climatic Conditions and Soil Types
Coffee plants thrive in hot and humid climates, with temperatures ranging from 15°C to 28°C and rainfall between 150 and 250 cm. Frost, snowfall, high temperatures above 30°C, and strong sunlight can adversely impact coffee growth. Ideal soil conditions include well-drained loamy soils rich in humus and minerals like iron and calcium. However, heavy clay soils and sandy soils are less suitable for coffee plants.
Geographical Distribution and Varieties of Indian Coffee
Major coffee-producing regions in India include Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh (Araku Valley), Odisha, Manipur, Mizoram, and other northeastern states. Karnataka produces about 70% of India’s total coffee, primarily Arabica and Robusta varieties. Arabica, grown at higher altitudes, has a superior aroma and market value, while Robusta is known for its strength and uses in various blends.
The Role of the Coffee Board of India
The Coffee Board of India, constituted under Section (4) of the Coffee Act of 1942, operates under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry’s administrative control. The Board comprises 33 Members, including the Chairperson, who is the Chief Executive, and is headquartered in Bangalore. The Board focuses on research, extension, development, market intelligence, and promotion for coffee, both externally and internally.
UPSC Examination Questions on Coffee
In the UPSC Civil Services Examination 2008, a question was asked to match various boards, including the Coffee Board, with their respective headquarters. In 2010, the examination included a question concerning differences in cultivation between coffee and tea. Such questions underscore the importance of understanding the coffee industry in India for civil service aspirants.