The India-Russia nuclear energy partnership has become a key example of international collaboration in meeting rising energy demands. With rapid growth in energy consumption across developing economies, this alliance marks how nuclear power can ensure energy security while supporting climate goals. The partnership, anchored by the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant, also emphasises technology transfer and capacity building, setting a model for other nations.
Rising Energy Demand in Developing Economies
Global energy demand is increasing rapidly, driven mainly by developing countries. India and China alone are expected to account for 60 per cent of the rise in global electricity use between 2025 and 2026. This surge is linked to industrialisation, urbanisation, and improved living standards. India’s per capita electricity consumption reached 1,395 kWh in 2023-24, reflecting a growing middle class and digital economy integration. Emerging technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) further intensify energy needs, with AI data centres projected to double electricity use by 2030.
Nuclear Energy as a Strategic Solution
Nuclear power offers a reliable and steady energy supply with a high capacity factor above 90 per cent. This makes it ideal for continuous industrial and digital operations that cannot tolerate interruptions. Although nuclear energy’s levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) is higher than solar power, its ability to provide dispatchable power justifies the expense. For developing economies, nuclear energy ensures foundational energy security critical for sustained growth and technological advancement.
India-Russia Partnership and Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant
The partnership began in 1988 and has evolved through multiple agreements, reflecting a long-term commitment beyond simple vendor-client relations. The Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant in Tamil Nadu uses Russian VVER-1000 reactors and represents the tangible output of this cooperation. Russian company Rosatom works closely with India’s Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL), enabling extensive technology transfer and skill development. This joint effort builds Indian expertise in reactor design, construction, and operation.
Safety and Regulatory Cooperation
The collaboration also focuses on strengthening India’s nuclear safety and regulatory standards. Russian support has helped align India’s protocols with International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) guidelines. The partnership benefits both sides, with Russia gaining experience in constructing reactors suited for tropical monsoon climates. This co-development approach encourages mutual learning and enhances overall project success.
Global Impact and Replicable Model
The model has influenced other projects, such as the Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant in Bangladesh, which features Russian reactors with Indian technical support. This trilateral cooperation shows the potential for replicating the partnership in other Global South countries seeking nuclear energy. India’s Department of Atomic Energy plans to nearly triple its nuclear capacity by 2031-32, leveraging the knowledge gained through this alliance to achieve energy goals and strengthen strategic autonomy.
Questions for UPSC:
- Discuss in the light of India-Russia nuclear cooperation, the significance of technology transfer in international energy partnerships.
- Critically examine the challenges and opportunities of nuclear energy adoption in developing countries with reference to climate change commitments.
- Explain the impact of emerging technologies like artificial intelligence on global energy demand. How should energy policies adapt to these changes?
- With suitable examples, discuss the role of multilateral cooperation in enhancing nuclear safety and regulatory frameworks in the Global South.
