Indian Army’s Mount Everest and Kangchenjunga Expeditions

The Indian Army commenced mountaineering expeditions to Mount Everest and Mount Kangchenjunga. These initiatives were flagged off by the Defence Minister, Shri Rajnath Singh, in New Delhi. The expeditions aim to demonstrate India’s prowess in high-altitude mountaineering and inspire the youth.

Expedition Overview

The Mount Everest expedition consists of 34 climbers, led by Lieutenant Colonel Manoj Joshi. The team will ascend via the traditional South Col Route. In contrast, the joint Indo-Nepal expedition to Kangchenjunga features 12 Indian Army mountaineers and six from the Nepali Army, led by Colonel Sarfaraz Singh. A joint National Cadet Corps (NCC) expedition to Everest includes five girl cadets and five boy cadets, along with officers and instructors, led by Colonel Amit Bisht.

Significance of Expeditions

These expeditions highlight the skills and resilience of the Armed Forces. They aim to set benchmarks in mountaineering while encouraging the youth to pursue their dreams. The Defence Minister expressed confidence that these efforts would reinforce India’s leadership in the field.

Mount Everest

Mount Everest, known as Sagarmatha in Nepal, is the highest mountain on Earth, standing at 8,848 metres. It is located in the Himalayas, straddling the border between Nepal and China. The mountain was first ascended in 1953 by Tenzing Norgay and Edmund Hillary. The height was initially measured in 1954 by the Survey of India using traditional surveying techniques.

Need for New Measurements

The 2015 earthquake in Nepal raised questions about Everest’s height. Consequently, the Nepalese government decided to conduct its own measurements. This shift aims to provide updated and accurate data regarding the mountain’s elevation.

Kangchenjunga

Kangchenjunga is the third-highest mountain in the world, with an elevation of 8,586 metres. It lies on the border between Nepal and India. Once thought to be the highest mountain, precise measurements in the 19th century confirmed Everest’s status. Kangchenjunga was first climbed in 1955, with climbers stopping short of the summit to honour a promise made to the local Chogyal.

Cultural and Environmental Significance

Both Everest and Kangchenjunga hold cultural significance in Nepal and Sikkim. Kangchenjunga is considered sacred, and the surrounding region is protected as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, promoting conservation and sustainable tourism.

International Collaboration

The expeditions underline the spirit of collaboration between India and Nepal in mountaineering. They reflect a shared commitment to adventure sports and the promotion of high-altitude climbing skills.

Future Aspirations

These expeditions serve as a platform for future generations to engage in mountaineering. They encourage young climbers to aspire to excellence and push the boundaries of adventure.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Critically analyse the impact of high-altitude expeditions on international relations between India and Nepal.
2. What are the environmental challenges faced by high-altitude mountaineering expeditions? How can they be mitigated?
3. Estimate the significance of Mount Everest and Kangchenjunga in promoting tourism in Nepal and India.
4. Point out the historical evolution of mountain measurement techniques from the 19th century to the present day.

Answer Hints:

1. Critically analyse the impact of high-altitude expeditions on international relations between India and Nepal.

1. Joint expeditions encourage collaboration and strengthen diplomatic ties between India and Nepal.
2. They promote cultural exchange and mutual respect through shared heritage in mountaineering.
3. Successful climbs can enhance national pride and showcase regional capabilities on international platforms.
4. Such initiatives can lead to increased tourism and economic benefits for both nations.
5. They also highlight the importance of cooperative efforts in managing shared natural resources.

2. What are the environmental challenges faced by high-altitude mountaineering expeditions? How can they be mitigated?

1. Challenges include waste management, pollution, and damage to fragile ecosystems at high altitudes.
2. Increased foot traffic can lead to soil erosion and habitat destruction.
3. Mitigation strategies involve strict waste disposal regulations and the implementation of ‘Leave No Trace’ principles.
4. Education on environmental conservation for climbers can promote responsible behavior.
5. Collaboration with local communities for sustainable tourism practices can enhance conservation efforts.

3. Estimate the significance of Mount Everest and Kangchenjunga in promoting tourism in Nepal and India.

1. Both mountains attract thousands of trekkers and climbers annually, boosting local economies.
2. They offer opportunities for adventure tourism, which is a major revenue source for Nepal and Sikkim.
3. Tourism related to these peaks enhances cultural exchange and global awareness of the region.
4. The iconic status of Everest and Kangchenjunga elevates their profiles in international travel markets.
5. Investment in infrastructure around these areas further promotes sustainable tourism growth.

4. Point out the historical evolution of mountain measurement techniques from the 19th century to the present day.

1. Initial measurements in the 19th century relied on trigonometric calculations using theodolites and chains.
2. The Great Trigonometrical Survey of India in the 1800s was very important in establishing accurate mountain heights.
3. GPS technology emerged in the late 20th century, providing more precise measurements and real-time data.
4. Recent advancements include the use of satellite imagery and remote sensing techniques for elevation assessments.
5. Ongoing debates about mountain heights, especially after natural disasters, necessitate continuous measurement efforts.