Indian Army’s Rifle Procurement

The Indian Army is undergoing transformation in its small arms procurement strategy. This change is driven by operational requirements and the need for modernisation. The army currently utilises a mix of indigenous and foreign rifles. Key models include the INSAS, AK-203, and SIG Sauer SIG716. Each rifle serves distinct roles and reflects the army’s evolving needs.

INSAS Rifle

The INSAS (Indian Small Arms System) rifle was developed by the Armament Research and Development Establishment. It has been the backbone of the Indian military since its introduction. The rifle is used by all branches of the armed forces and various paramilitary units. Despite its widespread use, the INSAS has faced criticism for jamming issues and limited stopping power. As a result, the army is phasing it out in favour of more reliable options.

AK-203 Acquisition and Local Manufacturing

• The Indian Army plans to acquire 670,000 AK-203 rifles.
• The first batch of 70,000 rifles was purchased directly from Russia, with deliveries starting in January 2022.
• The remaining 600,000 will be produced locally through a joint venture called Indo-Russian Rifles Private Limited.
• This initiative aims to enhance indigenisation, with an initial local production level of 25% expected to rise to 100% over time.
• The AK-203 is intended to replace the aging INSAS rifles and is designed for widespread infantry use.

SIG Sauer SIG716 Procurement

• The SIG Sauer SIG716 battle rifle was ordered in February 2019 under a fast-track procurement process.
• The army acquired 72,400 units to equip frontline troops, especially in counter-insurgency operations.
• SIG Sauer plans to collaborate with India’s Nibe Group for local manufacturing.
• However, the high cost of the SIG716 limits its adoption across the army.
• It also requires specialised ammunition, complicating integration into existing logistics.

Comparison of AK-203 and SIG716

The AK-203 rifle is more cost-effective and compatible with the existing Kalashnikov systems in use. In contrast, the SIG716’s high cost and logistical challenges hinder its widespread deployment. The Indian Army’s focus remains on local manufacturing, particularly for the AK-203, as a long-term solution for infantry modernisation. The SIG716 serves as a temporary measure while local production ramps up.

Other Rifles in Use

In addition to the primary rifles, the Indian Army also employs the Caracal CAR 816 and the Israeli Tavor TAR 21. The CAR 816 was procured from the UAE in 2019. The Tavor TAR 21 is favoured by special forces, including MARCOS. The army continues to emphasise the local development of small arms to reduce dependency on foreign imports.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Critically analyse the impact of indigenous weapon manufacturing on India’s defence capabilities.
2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the INSAS rifle compared to modern alternatives?
3. Explain the significance of the Indo-Russian joint venture for the production of AK-203 rifles in India.
4. Comment on the role of local manufacturing in enhancing operational efficiency of the Indian Army’s infantry units.

Answer Hints:

1. Critically analyse the impact of indigenous weapon manufacturing on India’s defence capabilities.

1. Indigenous weapon manufacturing boosts self-reliance and reduces dependency on foreign arms.
2. Enhances technological advancement and innovation within the Indian defence sector.
3. Facilitates job creation and economic growth through local production facilities.
4. Improves supply chain efficiency, ensuring quicker access to equipment and spare parts.
5. Challenges include initial high costs and the need for skilled workforce development.

2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the INSAS rifle compared to modern alternatives?

1. Advantages include its indigenous development, promoting self-reliance in defence.
2. INSAS has been widely used and is familiar to Indian military personnel.
3. Disadvantages include jamming issues and limited stopping power compared to modern rifles.
4. Modern alternatives like AK-203 and SIG716 offer improved reliability and effectiveness.
5. Phasing out INSAS is essential to meet current operational demands and standards.

3. Explain the significance of the Indo-Russian joint venture for the production of AK-203 rifles in India.

1. The joint venture enhances technology transfer and local manufacturing capabilities.
2. It aims to achieve 100% indigenization, reducing reliance on imports.
3. AK-203 is intended to replace outdated INSAS rifles, modernizing the infantry’s armament.
4. Collaboration strengthens India-Russia defence ties and promotes strategic partnerships.
5. Local production can lead to cost savings and improved supply chain management.

4. Comment on the role of local manufacturing in enhancing operational efficiency of the Indian Army’s infantry units.

1. Local manufacturing ensures quicker production and supply of necessary equipment.
2. It allows for customization of weapons to meet specific operational requirements.
3. Reduces logistical challenges associated with importing foreign weapons.
4. Promotes a sustainable defence ecosystem, encouraging innovation and competitiveness.
5. Enables rapid response to changing security situations and operational demands.