The Indian National Congress (INC) is a very important organisation in India’s history. Established in 1885, it played important role in the country’s struggle for independence from British colonial rule. The INC provided a platform for diverse Indian voices to unite against imperialism and advocate for national self-determination.
Background
The roots of the INC can be traced to the late 19th century. During this time, dissatisfaction with British policies was growing. Indian intellectuals and social reformers sought a structured approach to express their grievances. Influential leaders like Allan Octavian Hume and Surendranath Banerjee were instrumental in shaping the INC’s early vision.
Precursor to Congress
The Indian Association, founded in 1876 by leaders like Surendranath Banerjee, paved the way for the INC. It was the first political organisation advocating for Indian rights. The Association held conferences that mobilised public opinion against British rule. These gatherings set the stage for the eventual formation of the INC.
Formation of INC
The Indian National Congress was officially formed on December 28, 1885. The inaugural session took place at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Bombay. Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee presided over the meeting, which included 72 delegates from various regions of India. This marked the beginning of a unified political movement.
Reasons for Formation
Several factors led to the establishment of the INC:
- Political Consciousness: A growing awareness among Indians of the need for representation.
- Regional Limitations: Existing regional organisations were seen as insufficient.
- Emerging Nationhood: The press played a role in encouraging a collective Indian identity.
- Discontent with British Rule: Economic hardships and famines increased dissatisfaction.
- Global Inspiration: Other nations gaining independence motivated Indian aspirations.
- Safety Valve Theory: Some believed the British supported the INC to manage Indian grievances.
Objectives of INC
The INC outlined several key objectives:
- Promote unity among Indians of all backgrounds.
- Advocate for constitutional reforms for civil liberties.
- Create political leadership representing Indian interests.
- Strive for self-governance and independence through peaceful means.
- Present popular demands to the government.
Early Phases – Moderates and Extremists
The INC experienced two phases – the Moderates and the Extremists. Each had distinct ideologies and methods.
Moderates Phase
Moderates believed in maintaining ties with Britain. They preferred dialogue to confrontation. Their approach relied on:
- Passive Resistance: Prayer, petitions, and persuasion.
- Western Ideals: Emphasis on liberalism and democracy.
Moderates sought constitutional reforms, including:
- Self-rule within the imperial framework.
- Abolition of the India Council.
- Increased representation in legislative councils.
- Separation of judiciary from the executive.
Despite some successes, moderates faced criticism for elitism and failing to connect with the broader populace.
Successes and Failures of Moderates
Moderates achieved some milestones, such as the Council Act of 1892. They raised awareness of the economic drain caused by British policies. However, they struggled with:
- Perceived elitism, primarily representing educated elites.
- Neglecting social issues affecting broader society.
- Failure to address the exploitative nature of British rule.
Extremists Phase
The Extremists emerged as a more radical faction within the INC. They believed in engaging the masses and promoting self-sufficiency. Key figures included Lokamanya Tilak, who advocated for ‘Sampoorna Swaraj’ (complete self-rule). Their methods included:
- Promoting the Swadeshi movement, encouraging the use of Indian products.
- Boycotting foreign goods as a form of protest.
Successes and Failures of Extremists
The Extremists achieved notable successes:
- Resistance against the partition of Bengal.
- Establishment of the National Council of Education to promote Indian identity.
- Mobilisation of mass support for nationalist activities.
However, they faced challenges:
- Internal conflicts within the Congress.
- Lack of cohesive leadership.
- Government repression, including arrests of key leaders.
Key Leaders of INC
The INC had several prominent leaders who shaped its direction:
- Allan Octavian Hume: A key founder and early leader.
- Surendranath Banerjee: A prominent voice for Indian rights.
- Lokamanya Tilak: Advocated for self-rule and mass mobilisation.
- Gopal Krishna Gokhale: A moderate leader focused on reforms.
- Mahatma Gandhi: Later transformed the INC’s methods with non-violent resistance.
Role of Women in INC
Women played role in the INC’s activities. Leaders like Sarojini Naidu and Annie Besant emerged as influential figures. They advocated for women’s rights and participated in protests. The INC gradually became a platform for women’s political engagement.
Impact on Indian Society
The INC encourageed a sense of national identity among Indians. It encouraged political awareness and activism. The organisation’s efforts laid the groundwork for future movements, such as the Non-Cooperation Movement and the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Legacy of INC
The legacy of the INC is deep. It symbolises India’s collective struggle for freedom. The organisation inspired generations of leaders and citizens. The INC’s commitment to democracy and social justice continues to influence Indian politics .
