In a groundbreaking discovery, Indian scientists from the Zoological Survey of India, Pune have uncovered morphological phenotypic plasticity (MPP) in the Kalinga cricket frog. This ability to change physical features in response to environmental variations or stimuli marks the first time such a development has been reported.
Unpacking the Kalinga Cricket Frog
Found primarily in the higher-elevation hill ranges of the Eastern Ghats in Odisha and Andhra Pradesh, the Kalinga cricket frog – scientifically referred to as Fejervarya kalinga – is relatively new, having been identified and documented only in 2018. considered an indicator of a healthy ecosystem, it can adapt to diverse habitat ranges, including agricultural fields, streams, swamps, and wetlands.
Decoding the Latest Findings
Recent reports indicate the Kalinga cricket frog’s presence in the central Western Ghats, displaying substantial MPP. Its physical characteristics diverge significantly from other Fejervaraya/Minervarya species located in the Western Ghats. The Fejervarya and Minervarya are both genres of frogs in the Dicroglossidae family found in Asia. Intriguingly, genetic analysis confirmed that despite the striking physical differences, frogs from the eastern and western ghats were the same species.
Morphological Phenotypic Plasticity Explained
Phenotypic plasticity refers to an organism’s ability to change in response to environmental stimuli or influences. It may involve a transformation in morphology (MPP), physiological state, behavior, or a combination, excluding changes in genes. In essence, MPP allows organisms to exhibit drastic variations in physical features in response to environmental changes. Frogs demonstrate these adaptations by employing different modes and strategies for optimal survival.
Differences in Morphological Features
Differences between Kalinga frogs from the Eastern and Western Ghats are noticeable with contrasting morphometric variations in head shape and size, as well as finger and toe sizes. These differences are influenced by the monsoon season since Ghats experience different monsoons, impacting the frogs’ breeding seasons.
Importance of the Discovery
This finding holds immense significance, especially in the current scenario of ‘mass extinction of smaller vertebrates’ and ‘rapid climate change.’ Detailed studies on the behavior of many anuran (frog or toad) species will provide insights into their breeding patterns, site selection, and ecological adaptations. Moreover, it is the first of its kind in Indian amphibian research history.
Need for More Research
The study underscores the urgent necessity for more research to resolve taxonomic uncertainties. One principal question that is being explored is the possibility of the split between these two populations due to the Deccan Trap formation. Additionally, the isolation of these two populations due to climate change needs further exploration.
The Western and Eastern Ghats
The Western Ghat and the Eastern Ghats are two distinct biogeographic zones, each with unique histories and ecosystems. The Eastern Ghats, older than the Western Ghats, have a complex geological past whereas the Western Ghats are regarded as a biodiversity hotspot. Both regions offer unique ecosystems and microclimates that foster a diversity of species, including amphibians.