India’s Climate Action and Sustainable Development Initiatives

Climate change is an urgent global issue. Rising temperatures and extreme weather threaten ecosystems and human life. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) plays important role in addressing this crisis. Countries are required to submit Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. India has pledged to achieve net-zero emissions by 2070, demonstrating its commitment to a sustainable future.

UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement

The UNFCCC, effective since March 21, 1994, aims to stabilise GHG concentrations. The Paris Agreement, adopted in 2015 during COP21, seeks to limit global temperature rise to well below 2°C. It requires countries to outline their climate targets through NDCs. India submits Biennial Update Reports (BURs) every two years to track its progress in reducing emissions.

Emission Reductions in India

India’s 4th Biennial Update Report (BUR-4) revealed a 7.93% reduction in GHG emissions in 2020 compared to 2019. The energy sector contributed 75.66% of total emissions. Excluding land use changes, emissions were 2,959 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent. Including land use, net emissions decreased to 2,437 million tonnes. These figures highlight India’s efforts to balance development with climate responsibilities.

India’s Low-Carbon Development Pathway

Despite its minimal contribution to global warming, India’s large population faces challenges. The country is committed to low-carbon development while ensuring energy access for all. India’s primary energy consumption per capita is low compared to global standards. The Long-Term Low Greenhouse Gas Emission Development Strategies (LT-LEDS) outlines seven key transitions, including sustainable electricity systems and low-carbon transport.

Climate Action Initiatives

India has launched numerous initiatives to tackle environmental challenges. Key measures include: 1. Forest Management – Programs like compensatory afforestation and the “Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam” campaign focus on tree planting and forest conservation. 2. Urban Adaptation – Mainstreaming adaptation in urban planning is essential for low-carbon development. 3. Air Quality Improvement – The National Clean Air Programme aims to enhance air quality in 131 cities through targeted actions. 4. Coastal Ecosystem Protection – Initiatives for mangrove and coral reef conservation are essential for climate resilience. 5. Regulatory Frameworks – Coastal Regulation Zone notifications enhance protections for critical ecosystems. Innovative methods are being adopted to increase green cover. The Miyawaki technique is being used for tree planting, notably at the Mahakumbh 2025 event. This approach integrates environmental responsibility with cultural practices.

Questions for UPSC –

1. Examine the role of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in global climate governance.
2. Critically discuss the impact of India’s Long-Term Low Greenhouse Gas Emission Development Strategies on sustainable development.
3. Point out the challenges faced by developing countries in achieving net-zero emissions while ensuring energy security.
4. Analyse the significance of urban planning in enhancing climate resilience and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

Answer Hints:

1. Examine the role of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in global climate governance.

1. The UNFCCC was established to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations and promote international cooperation.
2. It requires countries to submit Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) to outline climate action targets.
3. The Paris Agreement, adopted under the UNFCCC, aims to limit global temperature rise to well below 2°C.
4. Regular assessments and Biennial Update Reports (BURs) track progress and enhance accountability among nations.
5. It facilitates financial and technical support for developing countries to implement climate initiatives.

2. Critically discuss the impact of India’s Long-Term Low Greenhouse Gas Emission Development Strategies on sustainable development.

1. India’s LT-LEDS outlines a pathway for sustainable economic growth while reducing emissions.
2. It emphasizes renewable energy, efficient transport, and sustainable urban planning as core strategies.
3. The plan addresses socio-economic considerations, ensuring inclusivity in development efforts.
4. By promoting adaptation in urban design, it enhances resilience to climate impacts.
5. It aligns with global climate goals while catering to India’s unique developmental needs.

3. Point out the challenges faced by developing countries in achieving net-zero emissions while ensuring energy security.

1. Developing countries often rely on fossil fuels for economic growth and energy access.
2. Limited financial resources hinder investment in renewable energy technologies and infrastructure.
3. High population growth increases energy demand, complicating the transition to low-carbon solutions.
4. Balancing economic development and environmental sustainability poses policy challenges.
5. Technological and capacity gaps restrict the implementation of effective climate action strategies.

4. Analyse the significance of urban planning in enhancing climate resilience and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

1. Effective urban planning integrates adaptation measures, improving infrastructure resilience to climate impacts.
2. It promotes sustainable transport systems, reducing emissions from vehicles.
3. Green building initiatives enhance energy efficiency, lowering overall energy consumption.
4. Urban green spaces improve air quality and contribute to biodiversity conservation.
5. Planning frameworks ensure community involvement and equitable access to resources, encouraging sustainable development.