India’s foreign policy made strides, enhancing its global standing. Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s leadership was very important, especially after his historic third-term election. The year was marked by India’s commitment to regional partnerships, strategic dialogues, and cultural diplomacy. Key developments included relations with neighbouring countries, engagements with major powers, and recognition of India’s global initiatives.
Neighbourhood First Policy
India reaffirmed its ‘Neighbourhood First‘ policy with regional leaders attending Modi’s swearing-in ceremony. Emphasis was placed on encouraging deeper people-to-people ties and enhancing connectivity in South Asia. The focus remained on peace, progress, and prosperity across the region, aligning with India’s vision for ‘Viksit Bharat’ by 2047.
Engagement with China
A landmark agreement with China on patrolling arrangements along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) marked development. Modi and Chinese President Xi Jinping met at the BRICS Summit, reaffirming the importance of maintaining peace at the border. Continued dialogues aimed at stabilising relations were a priority.
Relations with Pakistan
External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar’s visit to Pakistan for the SCO Summit was notable, although no bilateral discussions occurred. India’s stance remained firm against terrorism, asserting that dialogue cannot coexist with terror.
Developments in Bangladesh
The political landscape in Bangladesh shifted dramatically with Sheikh Hasina’s ousting amid protests, leading to increased violence against religious minorities. India voiced concerns over minority safety and reiterated support for a stable, democratic Bangladesh.
Strengthening Ties with Bhutan and Maldives
Relations with Bhutan flourished, brought into light by Modi receiving Bhutan’s highest civilian honour. Conversely, ties with the Maldives faced challenges under President Muizzu, who opposed Indian military presence. Diplomatic efforts gradually improved relations, culminating in agreements.
Middle East Engagement
India’s presence in the Middle East deepened, with Modi visiting several nations. Key achievements included the remittance of death sentences for Indian nationals in Qatar and enhanced bilateral agreements with the UAE, focusing on economic cooperation.
Outreach to Africa and Latin America
India’s ties with African nations strengthened following the G20 presidency, with state visits from Indian leaders. Modi’s historic visit to Guyana further solidified relations in Latin America, encouraging cooperation across various sectors.
Act East Policy and ASEAN Relations
The Act East Policy gained momentum, with Modi stressing the importance of ASEAN unity and centrality. Trade between India and ASEAN doubled, showcasing the region’s significance in India’s foreign policy.
Relations with the United States and Russia
India’s relationship with the US progressed with agreements on semiconductors and defence. Modi’s visits to Moscow and Kyiv brought into light India’s commitment to peace amid the Russia-Ukraine conflict, reinforcing India’s diplomatic stance.
Cultural Diplomacy and Diaspora Engagement
Indian culture gained global recognition through various initiatives. Engagements with the Indian diaspora were emphasised, promoting India’s vision for ‘Viksit Bharat’ and encouraging community involvement in nation-building.
Global Initiatives and Trade Agreements
India’s digital public infrastructure received international acclaim, with the launch of UPI services in multiple countries. Significant trade agreements were pursued, including the Trade and Economic Partnership with EFTA countries.
Awards and Recognitions
Modi received several prestigious awards, acknowledging his contributions to international relations and India’s global stature. The recognition telld India’s growing influence in world affairs.
Questions for UPSC:
- Estimate the impact of India’s ‘Neighbourhood First’ policy on regional stability in South Asia.
- Examine the implications of India’s agreement with China on border management for future bilateral relations.
- Critically discuss the significance of cultural diplomacy in enhancing India’s global image.
- Point out the challenges and opportunities for India in strengthening ties with African nations post-G20 presidency.
Answer Hints:
1. Estimate the impact of India’s ‘Neighbourhood First’ policy on regional stability in South Asia.
- Strengthens diplomatic ties with neighboring countries, encouraging mutual trust.
- Promotes economic cooperation through initiatives like trade agreements and development projects.
- Enhances people-to-people connectivity, reducing tensions and misunderstandings.
- Encourages collective security efforts against common threats like terrorism.
- Aligns regional policies with India’s long-term vision of ‘Viksit Bharat’ by 2047.
2. Examine the implications of India’s agreement with China on border management for future bilateral relations.
- Establishes a framework for dialogue, reducing the likelihood of military confrontations.
- Reaffirms commitment to peace and stability along the Line of Actual Control (LAC).
- Facilitates ongoing discussions to address outstanding border issues and enhance trust.
- May lead to improved trade relations as stability increases confidence in bilateral ties.
- Sets a precedent for resolving future disputes through diplomatic channels rather than conflict.
3. Critically discuss the significance of cultural diplomacy in enhancing India’s global image.
- Promotes Indian heritage and values, showcasing cultural diversity on international platforms.
- Strengthens bilateral relations through cultural exchanges, encouraging goodwill among nations.
- Enhances soft power, making India a more attractive partner for collaboration.
- Encourages diaspora engagement, leveraging their influence in host countries.
- Creates opportunities for economic cooperation through cultural tourism and joint initiatives.
4. Point out the challenges and opportunities for India in strengthening ties with African nations post-G20 presidency.
- Challenges include addressing historical perceptions and competition with other global powers.
- Opportunities arise from increased trade and investment following the G20 summit.
- Strengthening ties can lead to collaboration in areas like technology, education, and infrastructure.
- India’s commitment to sustainable development aligns with African nations’ growth objectives.
- Enhanced diplomatic engagement can position India as a key partner in regional stability and development.
