India’s foreign policy in 2025 faces a complex challenge. The country is caught between two major blocs – the CRINK group (China, Russia, Iran, North Korea) and the United States, led by a volatile leadership. This situation mirrors an ancient dilemma of navigating between two dangers. India’s position is further complicated by strained neighbourhood relations and inconsistent diplomatic approaches.
Current Geopolitical Context
India’s global standing is fragile. Western powers, especially the US, show limited support and often prioritise their own interests. CRINK countries are not fully trustworthy allies. Russia supports India mainly for economic reasons. China maintains a hostile posture despite diplomatic courtesies. Territorial disputes and strategic competition persist, including China’s plans for a massive hydropower dam on the Brahmaputra, which threatens downstream state of Indias. India continues to trade heavily with China despite these tensions.
Neighbourhood Relations and Domestic Impact
India’s relations with neighbouring countries are strained. Offensive remarks by political leaders have hurt India’s image in Muslim-majority neighbours. Diplomatic fallout with countries like Bangladesh, Turkey, and Azerbaijan weakens regional cooperation. The controversial handling of ethnic and religious issues has led to international criticism. These tensions undermine India’s ‘Neighbourhood First’ policy and reduce its influence in South Asia.
US-India Relations and Strategic Challenges
The US-India partnership is marked by mistrust and transactional interests. The US has historically failed to support India during conflicts with Pakistan and China. Recent US policies include high tariffs on Indian goods and pressure to limit purchases of Russian oil. The formation of AUKUS, excluding India, weakens the Quad alliance aimed at countering China. The US primarily seeks to sell expensive military equipment to India while restricting its strategic autonomy.
Foreign Policy Shifts and Consequences
India’s foreign policy has shifted from idealistic principles to a more assertive, muscular stance. However, this has cost international goodwill and stability. Incidents like the alleged involvement in foreign political crimes have damaged relations with Canada and the US. Hostile rhetoric against foreign investors and tech companies has created distrust. The lack of a consistent, balanced approach has left India vulnerable to diplomatic isolation and economic setbacks.
Path Forward for India’s Foreign Policy
India needs a pragmatic and balanced foreign policy. Equidistance between major powers can preserve strategic autonomy. A genuine ‘Neighbourhood First’ approach focused on aid and cooperation will reduce regional hostility. Separating foreign trade from foreign policy decisions can prevent economic harm. India’s growing economic and military strength positions it as a key global player. Careful diplomacy and toned-down rhetoric are essential to navigate the multipolar world.
Questions for UPSC:
- Critically discuss the challenges and opportunities in India’s foreign policy amidst the rise of multipolar global power structures.
- Examine the impact of regional diplomacy and neighbourhood relations on India’s national security and economic growth.
- With suitable examples, discuss the role of economic statecraft in foreign policy and how it affects India’s global standing.
- Analyse the strategic implications of military alliances like AUKUS and QUAD on India’s position in the Indo-Pacific region.
