Recently, India’s human rights record was scrutinized at the Human Rights Council (HRC) Universal Periodic Review (UPR) Working Group session in Geneva. This marks a significant event due to the unique nature of the UPR process and its relevance to all 193 UN Member States.
Understanding the Universal Periodic Review
Established in April 2008, the UPR is a distinctive process that involves a periodic review of the human rights records of all 193 UN Member States. Since its inception, each member state has undergone examination thrice within the first, second and third UPR cycles. This mechanism aims to improve the human rights situation globally and address human rights violations wherever they occur. During the review, States articulate specific steps they have taken to execute recommendations given during their earlier reviews and emphasize their recent human rights advancements.
The Fourth UPR Cycle for India
In the latest review, India’s human rights record was scrutinized under the guidance of Sudan, Nepal, and the Netherlands representatives who served as rapporteurs (“troika”). India’s initial three UPR reviews were carried out in April 2008, May 2012 and May 2017, respectively. The source of these evaluations includes the national report provided by the State under review, data from independent human rights experts, human rights treaty bodies, other UN entities and contributions from other stakeholders.
Key Points of the Review
Several critical observations were noted during the review. These included calls from Greece, the Netherlands and Vatican City for India to ensure freedom of religion and to put an end to discrimination against human rights defenders and religious minorities. Germany voiced worries about the rights situation in the country, notably concerning religious minorities as well as women and girls. Moreover, Nepal called for India to take stronger steps against violence targeting women and child marriage, while Russia appealed for India to maintain policies aimed at eradicating poverty and promoting responsible corporate behavior.
About the Human Rights Council
The HRC is an inter-governmental body within the United Nations system that cultivates the promotion and protection of human rights around the world. Formed in 2006, this entity replaced the former United Nations Commission on Human Rights. The Council consists of 47 United Nations Member States elected by the UN General Assembly (UNGA). Members serve for a term of three years.
Procedures and Mechanisms of the Human Rights Council
Several crucial mechanisms drive the HRC’s functions. The Advisory Committee acts as a “think tank” providing the Council with expertise and advice on thematic human rights issues. The Complaint Procedure allows individuals and organizations to report human rights violations to the Council’s attention, while the UN Special Procedures include special rapporteurs, special representatives, independent experts, and working groups that monitor and report on thematic issues or human rights situations in specific countries.