The National Quantum Mission (NQM) is initiative by the Government of India to harness quantum physics for advanced communication and sensing systems. Announced in April 2023, the mission is backed by a budget of ₹6,000 crore and aims to develop quantum technologies from 2023 to 2031. A key component of this mission is the planned launch of a quantum satellite within the next few years. This satellite will enhance secure communication capabilities using the principles of quantum physics.
What is Quantum Physics?
Quantum physics is a fundamental theory in physics that describes the nature and behaviour of matter and energy on very small scales, such as atoms and subatomic particles. Unlike classical physics, quantum physics allows for phenomena such as superposition and entanglement, which can lead to new technological advancements.
About Quantum Satellites
Quantum satellites are communications satellites that utilise quantum mechanics to secure data transmission. They are designed to prevent eavesdropping and ensure that any interception attempts are detectable. This capability is crucial as traditional encryption methods may become vulnerable to future quantum computers.
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD)
Quantum Key Distribution is a method within quantum cryptography that allows two parties to share a secret key securely. If an eavesdropper attempts to intercept the key, the act of measurement alters the quantum state, alerting the communicating parties to the breach. This ensures the integrity of the key exchange process.
Current Developments in QKD
China has established the world’s largest QKD network, demonstrating the feasibility of long-distance quantum communication. Recent studies indicate that India is also making progress in this area, with the Indian Astronomical Observatory identified as an ideal location for satellite-based QKD due to its favourable atmospheric conditions.
Challenges of Quantum Cryptography
Despite its potential, QKD faces several challenges. These include the need for hardware upgrades, high infrastructure costs, and limitations in practical implementations. The U.S. National Security Agency has suggested exploring post-quantum cryptography as an alternative, which aims to provide security against both classical and quantum threats.
Future Implications
The successful implementation of the National Quantum Mission could revolutionise various sectors, including telecommunications, finance, and national security. By advancing quantum technology, India aims to enhance its position in the global technological landscape.
Questions for UPSC:
- Critically analyse the significance of quantum key distribution in securing communications.
- Estimate the potential impact of quantum satellites on global communication networks.
- Point out the limitations of quantum cryptography compared to classical cryptographic methods.
- What are the implications of quantum computing on current encryption standards? Discuss with examples.
Answer Hints:
1. Critically analyse the significance of quantum key distribution in securing communications.
- QKD enables secure key exchange, alerting users to eavesdropping attempts through quantum state changes.
- It utilizes the principles of quantum mechanics, providing theoretically unconditional security compared to classical methods.
- QKD can enhance security in sensitive fields such as finance, defense, and healthcare.
- Ongoing research aims to improve the practicality and distance of QKD implementations.
- Despite its promise, challenges remain in hardware requirements and integration with existing systems.
2. Estimate the potential impact of quantum satellites on global communication networks.
- Quantum satellites can revolutionize secure communication by utilizing quantum cryptography to prevent eavesdropping.
- They will enhance communication capabilities in remote areas where traditional infrastructure is lacking.
- Quantum satellites can lead to the establishment of global QKD networks, improving cybersecurity standards worldwide.
- They may also encourage international collaborations in quantum technology research and development.
- Their deployment could drive advancements in related fields, such as satellite technology and telecommunications infrastructure.
3. Point out the limitations of quantum cryptography compared to classical cryptographic methods.
- QKD systems require specialized hardware that is often expensive and difficult to upgrade or patch.
- Quantum cryptography does not inherently provide authentication for transmission sources, posing security risks.
- Practical implementations of QKD can be limited by environmental factors and distance constraints.
- Insider threats remain a concern, as QKD does not eliminate risks from those with access to the network.
- QKD’s security is influenced by hardware and engineering designs, not just the principles of quantum physics.
4. What are the implications of quantum computing on current encryption standards? Discuss with examples.
- Quantum computing poses a threat to classical encryption methods, such as RSA and ECC, which rely on the difficulty of factoring large numbers.
- Shor’s algorithm demonstrates how quantum computers can efficiently break these encryption standards, potentially compromising sensitive data.
- Quantum computers can process vast amounts of data simultaneously, making traditional encryption methods obsolete.
- Post-quantum cryptography is being developed as a response, aiming to create algorithms resistant to quantum attacks.
- Examples include lattice-based cryptography, which offers security against both classical and quantum threats.
