Recently, India marked an important milestone in its defence capabilities with the launch of the S4* nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine at the Ship Building Center in Visakhapatnam. This submarine enhances India’s nuclear deterrence and reflects its commitment to securing maritime boundaries amidst a complex geopolitical landscape. The commissioning of the second SSBN, INS Arighaat, and the upcoming INS Aridhaman further bolster India’s naval strength.
Advanced Capabilities of S4*
The S4* represents a technological leap in India’s submarine fleet. Equipped exclusively with K-4 nuclear ballistic missiles that boast a range of 3,500 kilometres, it outmatches the K-15 missiles of its predecessor, INS Arihant, which had a range of 750 kilometres. Notably, S4* features approximately 75% indigenous content, showcasing India’s strides in self-reliance in defence manufacturing. Its operational endurance is limited only by crew resources, positioning it as a formidable asset in maritime security.
Maritime Security and Regional Cooperation
Defence Minister Rajnath Singh has telld the necessity of regional cooperation for maritime security. His statements highlight the importance of collaboration among neighbouring countries to maintain peace in the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean Region. Singh cautioned against external influences that could destabilise regional unity, reflecting India’s proactive approach to safeguarding its strategic interests.
Bolstering India’s Defence Strategy
India’s emphasis on submarine-based deterrence is evident, especially in light of China’s expanding naval capabilities. The Cabinet Committee on Security has approved plans for constructing two additional nuclear-powered attack submarines, reinforcing India’s position in the Indo-Pacific. This strategic shift prioritises nuclear submarines over traditional aircraft carriers, as submarines offer enhanced survivability against long-range missile threats.
Future Submarine Developments
India’s strategic submarine programme has evolved since the introduction of its first leased nuclear-powered attack submarine, INS Chakra. The indigenous SSBNs, including the latest S4*, are expected to feature advanced designs with a displacement of up to 6,000 tons and missile ranges exceeding 5,000 kilometres. This expansion is crucial for maintaining a balance of power in the increasingly contested Indian Ocean Region.
INS Vagsheer and Conventional Capabilities
In addition to nuclear capabilities, India is enhancing its conventional submarine fleet. The commissioning of INS Vagsheer, the sixth Kalvari-class submarine, is set for December 2024. These diesel-electric submarines complement the nuclear fleet and are vital for operations in the face of rising maritime threats from countries like China. Moreover, India is collaborating with the French Naval Group to develop advanced diesel attack submarines, further strengthening its naval capabilities.
Strengthening Communication Infrastructure
To support its growing submarine fleet, India is investing in communication infrastructure. The inauguration of a Very Low Frequency (VLF) Naval Station in Telangana will improve command and control capabilities for naval operations, ensuring effective coordination during critical missions. This investment reflects India’s commitment to enhancing its operational readiness and strategic communication.
Questions for UPSC:
- Discuss the significance of India’s S4* submarine in the context of national security.
- Evaluate the role of regional cooperation in enhancing maritime security in the Indian Ocean Region.
- Analyse the implications of India’s focus on submarine-based deterrence over traditional naval assets.
- What are the future prospects for India’s strategic submarine programme?
- Examine the impact of India’s conventional submarine capabilities on its maritime strategy.
