ISRO Develops Advanced 32-Bit Microprocessors for Space

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) announced advancement in its space technology capabilities. The Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) and the Semiconductor Laboratory (SCL) in Chandigarh have successfully developed two 32-bit microprocessors, namely Vikram 3201 and Kalpana 3201. These processors are designed for space applications and represent a major milestone in India’s self-reliance in high-reliability microprocessors.

Vikram 3201 Microprocessor

The Vikram 3201 is India’s first fully indigenous 32-bit microprocessor. It is specifically qualified to operate in the extreme conditions faced by launch vehicles. The microprocessor was fabricated using a 180nm CMOS technology at the SCL. This model is an advanced iteration of the 16-bit Vikram 1601, which has been in use since 2009. The Vikram 3201 has been validated for space missions, including its successful integration into the PSLV Orbital Experimental Module during the PSLV-C60 mission.

Kalpana 3201 Microprocessor

Kalpana 3201 is a 32-bit SPARC V8 RISC microprocessor. It is built on the IEEE 1754 Instruction Set Architecture. This microprocessor is compatible with open-source software toolsets and has been tested with flight software. Its design supports high-level programming languages, particularly Ada, and includes floating-point computation capabilities.

Indigenous Development and ‘Atmanirbharata’

The development of these microprocessors aligns with India’s ‘Atmanirbharata’ initiative, promoting self-reliance in technology. Both Vikram 3201 and Kalpana 3201 are equipped with a custom Instruction Set Architecture. ISRO has developed all necessary software tools in-house, including an Ada compiler, assembler, linker, and simulator. A C language compiler is also under development to enhance user flexibility.

Additional Developments

ISRO and SCL have also collaborated on several other devices aimed at miniaturising launch vehicle avionics systems. These include two versions of a Reconfigurable Data Acquisition System (RDAS) and a Multi-Channel Low Drop-out Regulator Integrated Circuit. An MoU was signed between SCL and VSSC for the development of miniaturised unsteady pressure sensors for wind tunnel applications.

Future Implications

The advancements in microprocessor technology are expected to enhance ISRO’s capabilities in space exploration and satellite launches. The successful validation of these microprocessors marks a new era in India’s space technology, paving the way for future innovations and applications.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Critically analyse the significance of indigenous microprocessor development in India’s space programme.
2. What are the implications of the ‘Atmanirbharata’ initiative on India’s technological advancement? Provide suitable examples.
3. Explain the role of microprocessors in modern space missions and their impact on mission success.
4. What is the importance of collaboration between research institutions and space agencies in technological development? Discuss with examples.

Answer Hints:

1. Critically analyse the significance of indigenous microprocessor development in India’s space programme.

1. Indigenous development reduces dependency on foreign technology, enhancing national security.
2. Microprocessors like Vikram 3201 enable operations in extreme conditions, crucial for space missions.
3. Supports the ‘Atmanirbharata’ initiative, promoting self-reliance and innovation in technology.
4. Facilitates cost-effective solutions, as in-house development can lower procurement costs.
5. Strengthens India’s position in global space technology, encouraging international collaborations.

2. What are the implications of the ‘Atmanirbharata’ initiative on India’s technological advancement? Provide suitable examples.

1. ‘Atmanirbharata’ encourages self-reliance, reducing dependency on imports in critical sectors like aerospace.
2. Encourages local innovation, as seen in the development of Vikram 3201 and Kalpana 3201 microprocessors.
3. Promotes investment in R&D, leading to advancements in various fields, including semiconductor technology.
4. Enhances the skill set of the workforce, aligning education with industry needs for better job readiness.
5. Facilitates the growth of startups and SMEs in technology sectors, boosting the overall economy.

3. Explain the role of microprocessors in modern space missions and their impact on mission success.

1. Microprocessors control critical systems, such as navigation, guidance, and communication in spacecraft.
2. They process vast amounts of data in real-time, ensuring mission objectives are met effectively.
3. Reliability and resilience of microprocessors are vital for mission success, especially in harsh environments.
4. Facilitate automation and remote operations, reducing human error and increasing mission efficiency.
5. Advanced processing capabilities enable complex calculations, enhancing overall mission performance.

4. What is the importance of collaboration between research institutions and space agencies in technological development? Discuss with examples.

1. Collaboration leverages expertise from academia and industry, accelerating innovation and development.
2. Joint efforts, like those between ISRO and SCL, lead to the creation of advanced technologies such as indigenous microprocessors.
3. Facilitates resource sharing, reducing costs and improving efficiency in research and development processes.
4. Encourages knowledge transfer, enhancing the skill sets of researchers and engineers involved.
5. Strengthens national capabilities in critical technology sectors, encouraging a robust ecosystem for future advancements.