Measles Outbreak in the United States

As of February 2025, the United States is experiencing measles outbreak, primarily affecting West Texas. The outbreak has resulted in 164 reported cases across nine states, with the majority of patients being unvaccinated. Tragically, this outbreak has led to the death of two individuals, marking the first measles-related fatalities in over a decade. Measles was declared eliminated in the U.S. in 2000, denoting the severity of the current situation.

What is Measles?

Measles is a highly contagious viral infection. It is primarily spread through respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing. The virus can remain active in the air or on surfaces for up to two hours. One infected person can transmit the virus to 90% of unvaccinated individuals nearby. While often mild, measles can lead to severe complications.

Who is at Risk?

Unvaccinated individuals are at the highest risk of contracting measles. Children under five years old, pregnant women, and individuals with weakened immune systems face greater risks for severe complications. These complications can include pneumonia, encephalitis, and other serious health issues.

Signs and Symptoms

Symptoms of measles typically appear 10 to 14 days after exposure. Initial symptoms include cough, runny nose, sore throat, fever, and red eyes. Koplik’s spots, small white spots inside the mouth, may appear a few days later. A characteristic rash usually develops a few days after the initial symptoms, starting on the face and spreading downwards.

Complications of Measles

Measles can lead to a variety of complications. Common issues include ear infections, diarrhoea, and pneumonia. Severe complications such as encephalitis and permanent blindness are also possible. Pregnant women who contract measles risk premature birth or low birth weight infants. The World Health Organization notes that most measles-related deaths are due to complications.

Treatment for Measles

There is no specific antiviral treatment for measles. Management focuses on supportive care, including rest, hydration, and nutrition. Vitamin A supplements can reduce the risk of complications. Antibiotics may be prescribed for secondary infections.

Prevention of Measles

Vaccination is the most effective method to prevent measles. The measles vaccine is safe and effective, with the first dose administered between nine months and 15 months of age. A second dose is recommended between 15 and 18 months. Community immunity requires at least 95% vaccination coverage to protect those who cannot be vaccinated.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Critically discuss the impact of vaccination on public health in combating infectious diseases.
2. Examine the role of community immunity in preventing outbreaks of highly contagious diseases.
3. What are the primary modes of transmission for viral infections? How can public health policies mitigate these risks?
4. Analyse the socio-economic factors that contribute to vaccine hesitancy among populations.

Answer Hints:

1. Critically discuss the impact of vaccination on public health in combating infectious diseases.

1. Vaccination reduces the incidence of infectious diseases, leading to fewer hospitalizations and deaths.
2. Herd immunity protects vulnerable populations who cannot be vaccinated, such as infants and immunocompromised individuals.
3. Vaccination programs can lead to the elimination of diseases, as seen with polio and measles in many regions.
4. Cost-effectiveness of vaccinations outweighs the costs of treating diseases, saving healthcare systems money.
5. Public awareness campaigns about the benefits of vaccination can increase vaccination rates and improve overall public health.

2. Examine the role of community immunity in preventing outbreaks of highly contagious diseases.

1. Community immunity, or herd immunity, occurs when portion of the population is vaccinated, reducing disease spread.
2. It protects those who cannot be vaccinated, such as infants and individuals with certain medical conditions.
3. Maintaining at least 95% vaccination coverage is critical for preventing outbreaks of highly contagious diseases like measles.
4. Community immunity can lead to the complete elimination of diseases in certain areas, as seen in many developed countries.
5. Education and outreach are essential to encourage vaccination and maintain community immunity levels.

3. What are the primary modes of transmission for viral infections? How can public health policies mitigate these risks?

1. Viral infections are primarily transmitted through respiratory droplets, direct contact, and contaminated surfaces.
2. Airborne transmission can occur, with viruses remaining active in the air for extended periods.
3. Public health policies can promote hygiene practices, such as handwashing and respiratory etiquette, to reduce transmission.
4. Vaccination campaigns effectively reduce the susceptibility of the population to viral infections.
5. Surveillance and rapid response to outbreaks can help contain viral spread and protect public health.

4. Analyse the socio-economic factors that contribute to vaccine hesitancy among populations.

1. Lack of access to healthcare and vaccines, particularly in low-income communities, contributes to vaccine hesitancy.
2. Distrust in healthcare systems and government can lead to skepticism about vaccine safety and efficacy.
3. Cultural beliefs and misinformation spread through social media can influence perceptions of vaccination.
4. Education levels and awareness of disease risks correlate with vaccination rates; lower education can lead to hesitancy.
5. Addressing these socio-economic factors through targeted education and outreach can improve vaccination uptake.