Operation Mission Sankalp

The ongoing Operation Mission Sankalp aims to eliminate Left-Wing Extremism in the Bastar region of Chhattisgarh. Launched on April 21, 2025, this operation involves around 24,000 security personnel surrounding the Karregutta hills. These hills are identified as a stronghold for key Maoist leaders. The operation is considered a decisive step towards eradicating Naxalism in the region.

Background of Left-Wing Extremism in India

Left-Wing Extremism, often referred to as Naxalism, has plagued parts of India for decades. It is rooted in socio-economic disparities and aims to establish a communist state through armed struggle. The movement has resulted in violence and loss of life, particularly in rural areas.

Strategic Importance of Karregutta Hills

The Karregutta hills stretch nearly 60 km along the Chhattisgarh-Telangana border. Their steep terrain and natural barriers provide an ideal hideout for Maoist cadres. The hills are challenging to access, complicating operations for security forces. The absence of a civilian population in the area is a tactical advantage for the operation.

Key Players in the Operation

The operation targets Battalion 1, the armed wing of the People’s Liberation Guerrilla Army (PLGA). This group has been responsible for the deaths of numerous security personnel since 2010. Key Maoist leaders, including Pulluri Prasad Rao and Madvi Hidma, are believed to be present in the hills.

Challenges Faced by Security Forces

The operation faces multiple challenges. The difficult terrain makes movement and strategy execution complicated. Additionally, the summer heat poses risks of dehydration for security personnel. Maoists have fortified their positions with Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) and likely have snipers on alert.

Progress and Outcomes

As of now, less than 50% of the operational goals have been achieved. Security forces have reported neutralising three Maoists from Battalion 1. However, the operation’s success is not solely measured by casualties but also by reclaiming territory from Maoist influence.

Political Reactions

The operation has sparked varied political responses. Telangana Chief Minister A Revanth Reddy views Naxalism as a social issue rather than a law-and-order problem. In contrast, politicians in Chhattisgarh support Mission Sankalp, arguing that dialogue with armed groups is not feasible. This divergence marks the complex socio-political landscape surrounding the operation.

Public Safety and Human Rights Concerns

The operation has raised concerns regarding human rights and the safety of tribal communities. Some organisations have called for a ceasefire and dialogue with Maoists. The government insists that the operation is crucial for restoring peace and order in the region.

Future Implications

The success of Operation Mission Sankalp could alter the dynamics of Left-Wing Extremism in India. A decisive victory could lead to a reduction in Maoist activities and enhance security in affected regions. However, it may also intensify debates on the approach to dealing with insurgent groups.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Analyse the socio-economic factors contributing to the rise of Left-Wing Extremism in India.
2. Critically discuss the implications of Operation Mission Sankalp on tribal communities in Chhattisgarh.
3. Examine the role of terrain in shaping military operations against insurgent groups in India.
4. Estimate the potential long-term effects of eradicating Naxalism on regional stability and governance.

Answer Hints:

1. Analyse the socio-economic factors contributing to the rise of Left-Wing Extremism in India.

1. Widespread poverty and unemployment in rural areas create fertile ground for extremist ideologies.
2. Land alienation and lack of access to resources drive marginalized communities towards Naxalism.
3. Government neglect and inadequate infrastructure exacerbate grievances among local populations.
4. Historical injustices and social inequalities contribute to feelings of disenfranchisement.
5. Ideological appeal of Maoism as a means to achieve social justice and equality attracts support.

2. Critically discuss the implications of Operation Mission Sankalp on tribal communities in Chhattisgarh.

1. Operation may disrupt the livelihoods of tribal communities living in the operational areas.
2. Concerns over potential human rights violations and collateral damage to innocent civilians.
3. Increased military presence could lead to a climate of fear and distrust among local populations.
4. Government claims of restoring order may not address underlying socio-economic issues faced by tribes.
5. Potential for displacement of communities and loss of traditional lands due to military operations.

3. Examine the role of terrain in shaping military operations against insurgent groups in India.

1. Challenging terrains, like the Karregutta hills, provide natural cover for insurgents, complicating military strategies.
2. Steep slopes and rocky surfaces hinder mobility and logistics for security forces.
3. Natural barriers can create tactical advantages for insurgents, who can use the landscape to their benefit.
4. Terrain familiarity is crucial for successful operations, impacting the effectiveness of military tactics.
5. Planning operations must account for environmental factors, such as weather and accessibility, to succeed.

4. Estimate the potential long-term effects of eradicating Naxalism on regional stability and governance.

1. Defeating Naxalism could lead to improved security and stability in affected regions of Chhattisgarh.
2. Success may encourage government investment in socio-economic development, addressing root causes of extremism.
3. Potential for power vacuums if Naxal influence is removed, leading to new conflicts or governance challenges.
4. Long-term peace may depend on inclusive governance and addressing grievances of marginalized communities.
5. Eradication efforts may spark debates on the effectiveness of military versus developmental approaches in conflict resolution.