Pakistan’s Attempt to Copy India’s Cirus Reactor

In the early 1970s, Pakistan made yet lesser-known attempt to replicate India’s Cirus reactor. This reactor, a 40 MW thermal neutron research facility, was operational at the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre in Trombay since 1960. The Cirus reactor was built with Canadian assistance and played important role in India’s nuclear weapons development. The revelation of Pakistan’s initiative comes from Feroz H. Khan, a notable figure in Pakistan’s nuclear programme, who detailed this in his book “Eating Grass – The Making Of The Pakistani Bomb.”

Background of the Cirus Reactor

The Cirus reactor, acronym for Canada India Reactor Utility Services, was a collaborative project between Canada and India. It cost approximately $14.14 million. The reactor achieved criticality on July 10, 1960, and was instrumental in producing plutonium for India’s first nuclear test, Smiling Buddha, in 1974.

Pakistan’s Nuclear Ambitions

In 1965, Munir Ahmed Khan, then a key figure in Pakistan’s nuclear programme, met with Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto to discuss the urgency of developing a nuclear weapons programme. This meeting was very important in shaping Pakistan’s nuclear strategy. The realisation that India was advancing its nuclear capabilities prompted Pakistan to expedite its own efforts.

The Secret Copying Initiative

Feroz Khan’s accounts reveal that a covert team was established to replicate the Cirus design. This team was led by Sardar Ali Khan, a nuclear official. Despite the challenges, they worked diligently to adapt the Cirus design for Pakistan’s indigenous needs. However, Feroz Khan raised concerns about the feasibility of this copying effort. He noted that the fundamental differences between Cirus and the Karachi Nuclear Power Complex (KANUPP) could hinder successful replication.

Impact of Recent Developments

The significance of Feroz Khan’s revelations has resurfaced amid recent US sanctions targeting Pakistan’s ballistic missile programme. The sanctions specifically address the National Development Complex, denoting concerns over Pakistan’s advancing missile technology. US officials warn that this could enable Pakistan to strike targets beyond South Asia, including the United States.

Technological and Strategic Implications

The attempt to copy the Cirus reactor puts stress on the competitive nature of nuclear development in South Asia. Pakistan’s strategy aimed to gain technological independence while navigating international scrutiny. The pursuit of nuclear capabilities has had deep implications for regional security dynamics and international relations.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Examine the impact of nuclear proliferation on regional security in South Asia.
2. Discuss the technological advancements in missile development in Pakistan. How do these advancements influence its strategic posture?
3. Critically discuss the role of international cooperation in nuclear energy development. What are the challenges faced by countries in this context?
4. Analyse the historical context of India’s nuclear programme. How has it shaped India’s foreign policy and relations with its neighbours?

Answer Hints:

1. Examine the impact of nuclear proliferation on regional security in South Asia.

1. Nuclear proliferation has led to an arms race between India and Pakistan, increasing tensions.
2. It has created a security dilemma where each country feels compelled to enhance its military capabilities.
3. The presence of nuclear weapons raises the stakes in conflicts, making war less likely but more catastrophic if it occurs.
4. Regional security frameworks are strained as neighboring countries react to each other’s nuclear capabilities.
5. International non-proliferation efforts face challenges due to the existing nuclear arsenals in South Asia.

2. Discuss the technological advancements in missile development in Pakistan. How do these advancements influence its strategic posture?

1. Pakistan has developed increasingly sophisticated missile technology, including nuclear-capable systems.
2. These advancements enhance Pakistan’s deterrent capability against perceived threats from India.
3. Strategically, Pakistan aims to project power and influence in the region, complicating India’s military planning.
4. Missile development has led to increased military spending, impacting economic resources and priorities.
5. International sanctions and scrutiny may affect the pace and scope of Pakistan’s missile technology advancements.

3. Critically discuss the role of international cooperation in nuclear energy development. What are the challenges faced by countries in this context?

1. International cooperation can facilitate access to technology, funding, and expertise for nuclear energy development.
2. Countries benefit from shared research and safety standards, enhancing the overall security of nuclear facilities.
3. However, geopolitical tensions can hinder cooperation, as seen in South Asia’s nuclear rivalry.
4. Challenges include compliance with non-proliferation agreements and balancing energy needs with security concerns.
5. Countries face domestic opposition and international scrutiny, complicating the development of nuclear energy programs.

4. Analyse the historical context of India’s nuclear programme. How has it shaped India’s foreign policy and relations with its neighbours?

1. India’s nuclear programme began with peaceful intentions but evolved into a strategic deterrent post-1974 nuclear test.
2. The programme has shaped India’s foreign policy, emphasizing self-reliance and strategic autonomy.
3. India’s nuclear status has influenced its relations with Pakistan and China, leading to a complex security environment.
4. India advocates for responsible nuclear behavior, seeking to position itself as a responsible power in international forums.
5. The nuclear programme has also affected India’s alliances, balancing relations with Western powers and regional neighbors.