The Popular Mobilisation Forces (PMF) have been a significant presence in Iraq since their formation. Initially established as a coalition of Iranian-backed Shia militias in 2014, the PMF was created with the intention of countering the rising threat of the Islamic State (IS). Over time, the group has evolved and become an integral part of the Iraqi Security Forces. Despite its official status, the PMF is not without controversy. Some of its component militias are designated as terrorist organizations by various countries, and there are widespread allegations of involvement in sectarian violence. The PMF’s influence and the reactions it elicits were highlighted during an event where thousands of Iraqi paramilitary fighters gathered to commemorate the seventh anniversary of the group’s establishment, an event that saw the attendance of Iraqi Prime Minister Mustafa al-Kadhimi.
Formation and Evolution of the PMF
The PMF was formed in response to a fatwa issued by Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani, one of the highest-ranking Shia clerics in Iraq, calling for national mobilization against IS. This call to arms resulted in the rapid assembly of various militia groups, many of which received support from Iran. As IS was pushed back and eventually defeated territorially in Iraq, the PMF began to transition from a loosely affiliated group of militias into a more formalized institution within the Iraqi Security Forces. This transition was solidified in 2016 when the Iraqi government passed a law recognizing the PMF as an independent military force operating alongside the regular army and police.
The PMF’s Role in Iraq’s Security
The PMF has played a critical role in the fight against IS, participating in numerous battles and operations that were pivotal in regaining control of Iraqi territory. Their contribution to the security landscape in Iraq has been significant, with PMF units deployed across various regions to maintain order and combat remaining IS cells. However, their role has also extended beyond traditional military engagements, with some PMF groups involved in local governance and the provision of social services in areas under their control.
Controversies Surrounding the PMF
Despite their contributions to national security, the PMF has been a subject of controversy both domestically and internationally. Allegations of human rights abuses, extrajudicial killings, and engagement in sectarian violence have marred the reputation of the PMF. Some of the militias within the PMF are seen as proxies for Iranian interests in Iraq, leading to concerns about the influence of Tehran on Iraqi politics and security. The designation of certain PMF factions as terrorist groups by some states further complicates the group’s standing on the international stage.
PMF’s Integration into Iraqi Society
The PMF’s influence extends beyond the military sphere, as they have become entrenched in the socio-political fabric of Iraq. This integration has been facilitated by the group’s involvement in various sectors, including education, religion, and commerce. The PMF has established a vast network of support that has enabled it to wield considerable power within Iraqi society. This power is often demonstrated through public displays of strength, such as military parades and public gatherings.
Anniversary Commemoration and Political Significance
The seventh anniversary of the PMF’s formation was marked by a large-scale military parade at a base in eastern Iraq. Thousands of fighters took part in this event, which underscored the group’s continued presence and significance in the country. The attendance of Prime Minister Mustafa al-Kadhimi at the commemoration signaled a level of official recognition and political legitimacy for the PMF. It also highlighted the delicate balance the Iraqi government maintains in its relationship with the PMF, as it navigates the complexities of internal security and regional geopolitics.
As the PMF continues to play a complex role in Iraq’s future, its actions and the responses they provoke remain a focal point for discussions on stability, security, and sovereignty in the region.
