In October 2024, India experienced unprecedented heat, with the India Meteorological Department (IMD) reporting the warmest October since records began in 1901. This extreme temperature spike is attributed to a combination of global warming and an important lack of rainfall, particularly in regions like northwest India, which saw a staggering 76% reduction in expected precipitation. The absence of western disturbances, crucial for winter rains, has exacerbated the situation, leading to sultry conditions across the country.
About Global Warming
Global warming refers to the long-term rise in Earth’s average surface temperature due to human activities, primarily the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as carbon dioxide and methane. These gases trap heat in the atmosphere, leading to climate change. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has warned that if current trends continue, global temperatures could rise by 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels as early as 2030, resulting in severe weather patterns worldwide.
Western Disturbances and Their Role
Western disturbances are extra-tropical weather systems originating from the Mediterranean region, bringing moisture and precipitation to northwest India during the winter months. Their absence during October 2024 contributed to the record heat, as these disturbances typically help to cool the atmosphere and provide necessary rainfall. The declining frequency of these systems has been linked to climate change, altering traditional weather patterns.
Impact of Humidity on Temperature
High humidity levels affect perceived temperature, often referred to as the “feels-like” temperature. Water vapour acts as a greenhouse gas, trapping heat and preventing it from dissipating. In October 2024, the residual moisture from the retreating monsoon combined with high temperatures created oppressive conditions, leading to what climatologists term “humid heat waves.” This phenomenon is becoming increasingly common as global temperatures rise.
Global Context of Rising Temperatures
India is not alone in experiencing extreme heat; Japan recorded its warmest October since 1898, and similar patterns have been observed across West Asia. The interconnectedness of global weather systems means that rising temperatures in one region can have cascading effects elsewhere. For every 1°C increase in global average temperature, moisture levels in the atmosphere rise by approximately 7%, further intensifying heat conditions.
Future Projections and Concerns
Climatologists predict that the frequency and intensity of heat waves will continue to escalate as global temperatures rise. This trend poses serious risks to public health, agriculture, and water resources. The combination of high temperatures and humidity will likely lead to more severe weather events, necessitating urgent action to mitigate climate change effects and adapt to the new realities of our changing climate.
Last Modified: November 27, 2024Questions for UPSC:
- Discuss the impact of global warming on weather patterns in India.
- Examine the role of western disturbances in India’s climate system.
- Analyse the relationship between humidity and temperature in the context of climate change.
- Evaluate the implications of rising global temperatures on public health and agriculture.
- What measures can be taken to mitigate the effects of climate change in India?