The Gujral Doctrine, Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), and bilateral negotiations among South Asian Countries are essential aspects of India’s foreign policy. This article examines these critical components, with emphasis on the Gujral Doctrine, due to its significant impact on the region’s politics. The focus of this discussion is on Inder Kumar Gujral, the 12th Prime Minister of India, who significantly influenced these policies.
Inder Kumar Gujral: The Man Behind the Doctrine
Inder Kumar Gujral served as the 12th Prime Minister of India from April 1997 to May 1998. His tenure is most remembered for two major contributions to Indian foreign policy – the ‘Gujral doctrine’ and his adamant refusal to sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) despite international pressure.
The Gujral Doctrine
Propounded during his stint as the Union Minister of External Affairs from 1996 to 1997, the Gujral Doctrine underlined India’s approach towards its neighbors. Based on five primary principles discussed in Chatham House, London, in September 1996, the doctrine advocates non-reciprocity in providing assistance to neighboring nations, upholding territorial integrity and sovereignty, and peaceful resolution of disputes through bilateral negotiations.
Impact and Achievements of the Gujral Doctrine
The doctrine significantly improved trust and cooperation in India’s neighborhood. Notable examples include the resolution of the Water-Sharing dispute with Bangladesh just three months into 1996-1997 and securing Bhutanese approval for a canal project to increase water flow to the Ganga. Other achievements include the treaty with Nepal for the generation of hydel power using the Mahakali river and initiating a composite dialogue with Pakistan.
Criticism of the Gujral Doctrine
Critics argue that the doctrine presented a lenient approach towards Pakistan, thereby increasing India’s vulnerability to future threats, including terror attacks. Critics also hold that the doctrine overly idealistic and fails in adequately addressing security challenges posed by some of India’s neighbors. Issues like territorial disputes and cross-border terrorism, according to critics, were not given sufficient attention.
Way Forward
Future foreign policies should strike a balance between idealistic principles and realistic assessments of security challenges. A comprehensive and proactive approach is required to address unresolved bilateral issues with neighbours, including territorial disputes and security concerns. As security threats evolve, doctrines must incorporate strategies to counter terrorism and ensure national safety. Building on the positive aspects of the Gujral Doctrine, India should continue strengthening regional alliances and cooperation for mutual benefit.
Importance of Public Diplomacy and Domestic Consensus
In crafting foreign policies, fostering domestic consensus is crucial. Public diplomacy can help convey the rationale behind diplomatic decisions, mitigating potential domestic opposition. This approach could facilitate smoother implementation of policies and promote better understanding of sensitive issues among the public.
UPSC Civil Services Examination Relevant Questions
In the context of international relations, understanding the nuances of the Gujral Doctrine and India’s foreign policy is essential for students preparing for examinations like the UPSC Civil Services Examination. Several questions related to this topic have appeared in previous years, such as the role of ethical considerations in resolving international conflicts and the influence of domestic factors on foreign policy.
