The early 20th century marked shift in the Indian National Congress (INC) with the rise of radical nationalism. This period, known as the Extremist phase, began as younger nationalists rejected moderate approaches. They sought swaraj, or self-government, through more assertive methods.
Catalyst for Extremism
The partition of Bengal in 1905 acted as a catalyst for radicalisation. However, the roots of extremism were planted much earlier, following the Revolt of 1857. The Extremists advocated for swadeshi (self-reliance), boycotts of foreign goods, and national education. Their methods paved the way for future revolutionary movements.
Factors Leading to Extremism
Several factors contributed to the rise of extremism within the INC:
- Political Radicalism: Influenced by leaders like Ramakrishna Paramahamsa and Swami Vivekananda, the Extremists embraced the ideas of ‘Swadharma’ and ‘Swaraj’.
- Discontent with Moderates: The moderate approach of petitions and prayers was seen as weak. Nationalists demanded more direct action.
- Impact of Famines: The famines of 1896-98 and 1899-1901 led to widespread disillusionment with British governance.
- Imperialist Policies: Lord Curzon’s controversial policies, including the Indian Official Secrets Act, intensified nationalist sentiments.
- International Influence: Global events, such as the defeat of Italy by Abyssinia and Japan’s victory over Russia, inspired Indian nationalists.
- Partition of Bengal: This division heightened tensions and spurred revolutionary activities across India.
The Extremist Phase (1905-1920)
The Extremist phase was characterised by radical political ideas. Leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai, and Aurobindo Ghose emerged during this time. They formed distinct groups based on regional influences, such as:
- Maharashtra Group: Led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
- Bengal Group: Represented by Bipin Chandra Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh.
- Punjab Group: Headed by Lala Lajpat Rai.
Prominent Extremist Leaders
Key leaders played vital roles in shaping the Extremist ideology:
- Bal Gangadhar Tilak: Known as “Lokamanya”, he famously declared, “Swaraj is my birthright.” He promoted cultural festivals to unite the masses.
- Lala Lajpat Rai: The “Lion of Punjab”, he was a strong advocate for the Swadeshi Movement and opposed the Simon Commission.
- Bipin Chandra Pal: Transitioned from moderate to extremist, he used speeches and writings to spread nationalism.
- Aurobindo Ghosh: Advocated for political freedom as essential for national identity.
Differences Between Moderates and Extremists
While both factions shared concerns about British rule, their methods and beliefs diverged :
| Aspect | Moderates | Extremists |
|---|---|---|
| Beliefs about British Rule | Trusted British justice | Distrusted British motives |
| Methods of Protest | Petitions and prayers | Open agitation and direct action |
| Use of Violence | Opposed violence | Understood revolutionary provocation |
| Goal of Swaraj | Gradual reforms | Immediate self-rule |
| Approach towards Masses | Cautious mobilisation | Active emotional engagement |
| Views on Nationalism | Loyalty to British Crown | Assertive nationalism |
| Programme of Action | Constitutional methods | Boycotts and non-cooperation |
| Influence on Revolutionaries | Constitutional ideals | About of revolutionary responses |
Split of the Indian National Congress
The growing rift between Moderates and Extremists culminated in the split of the INC during the Surat session in 1907.
Background to the Split
Before the split, Lord Minto’s negotiations with Moderates angered Extremists. They felt that the Moderates could not effectively advocate for reforms. Tensions escalated as the venue for the Congress session was changed from Nagpur to Surat, favouring the Moderates.
Immediate Causes of the Split
The Extremists preferred Nagpur for the session but were forced to attend in Surat. The conflict reached a peak when Tilak confronted the Moderates during the session. Physical confrontations ensued, leading to the Extremists being ousted.
Consequences of the Split
The split had repercussions for the INC:
- The British employed a divide-and-rule strategy to suppress militant nationalists.
- Moderates were attracted by the Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909, which sidelined their demands.
- The Extremists faced severe repression, particularly in Bengal, Maharashtra, and Punjab.
- The introduction of separate electorates for Muslims in 1909 marked the beginning of communal politics in India.
Legacy of the Extremist Phase
The Extremist phase was crucial in shaping India’s freedom struggle. It brought into light the need for a more assertive approach against colonial rule. The split ultimately weakened the Congress but also laid the groundwork for future unity.
Reunification of INC
The INC faced a massive setback after the split. It was not until the Lucknow session of 1916 that the Congress could be revitalised. This session marked a return to unity, combining the efforts of both Moderates and Extremists towards the common goal of independence.
