Rodrigo Duterte’s Arrest and War on Drugs

In late 2025, former Philippines President Rodrigo Duterte was arrested in Manila. He was wanted by the International Criminal Court (ICC) for crimes against humanity. The ICC accuses him of overseeing the murder of over 43 individuals during his tenure as mayor of Davao and as president. Duterte’s infamous “war on drugs” was a central aspect of his leadership from 2016 to 2022.

Overview of the War on Drugs

Duterte’s war on drugs began shortly after he took office in June 2016. He promised to eradicate the illegal drug problem within six months. His campaign was marked by extreme violence and disregard for human rights. Police operations resulted in thousands of deaths, with many victims being drug suspects. Rights groups accused Duterte of enabling a “death squad” mentality.

Impact on Society

The war on drugs deeply affected Filipino society. Many victims were from impoverished backgrounds. Reports indicated that police received financial incentives for killings. The operations often targeted vulnerable populations, leading to widespread fear and trauma among communities. Public approval for Duterte’s methods remained high, despite the violence.

Reactions from Victims’ Families

Families of victims expressed mixed emotions about Duterte’s arrest. Many saw it as a glimmer of hope for justice. Victims’ relatives, like Llore Pasco, shared their grief and frustration over the lack of accountability within the Philippine justice system. They viewed the ICC as their last hope for redress.

International Criminal Court’s Involvement

Duterte attempted to withdraw the Philippines from the ICC in 2019. However, the court retains jurisdiction over crimes committed during membership. The ICC’s investigation was paused but resumed in 2023 due to inadequate local justice efforts. The current Philippine government under President Ferdinand Marcos Jr has shown a willingness to cooperate with the ICC.

Notable Cases and Survivors

Several survivors of the drug war have come forward with harrowing stories. Individuals like Francisco Santiago Jr and Roger Herrero survived police shootings by playing dead. Their testimonies have contributed to the ICC’s case against Duterte. High-profile cases of minors killed during operations have also drawn international condemnation.

Current Status and Future Implications

Duterte was flown to The Hague to face charges of crimes against humanity. His arrest marks moment in the ongoing struggle for justice in the Philippines. It raises questions about accountability and the future of human rights in the country. The response from the international community will likely influence the Philippines’ approach to governance and law enforcement.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Critically analyse the implications of Rodrigo Duterte’s war on drugs on human rights in the Philippines.
2. Estimate the impact of international law on domestic justice systems, using the case of the Philippines and the ICC as an example.
3. Point out the factors that contribute to public support for controversial government policies, such as the war on drugs.
4. What are the challenges faced by countries in holding leaders accountable for human rights violations? Discuss with suitable examples.

Answer Hints:

1. Critically analyse the implications of Rodrigo Duterte’s war on drugs on human rights in the Philippines.

1. Thousands of extrajudicial killings occurred, violating the right to life.
2. Human rights organizations reported systemic abuse, including targeting marginalized communities.
3. Police operations were often unaccountable, with incentives for killings reported.
4. Public fear and trauma increased, undermining trust in law enforcement.
5. International condemnation and calls for justice brought into light the need for accountability.

2. Estimate the impact of international law on domestic justice systems, using the case of the Philippines and the ICC as an example.

1. The ICC retains jurisdiction over crimes committed during membership, influencing local accountability.
2. Duterte’s arrest showcases international law’s role in addressing human rights violations.
3. International pressure can prompt domestic reforms and compliance with human rights norms.
4. Withdrawal from the ICC does not exempt states from responsibility for past actions.
5. Ongoing investigations can lead to greater awareness and advocacy for justice.

3. Point out the factors that contribute to public support for controversial government policies, such as the war on drugs.

1. High crime rates and public fear can drive support for aggressive policies.
2. Political rhetoric framing actions as necessary for national security often resonates with the public.
3. Charismatic leadership can galvanize public opinion in favor of controversial measures.
4. Media portrayal of drug-related issues influences perceptions and support.
5. Socioeconomic factors, such as poverty, can lead to a desire for immediate solutions.

4. What are the challenges faced by countries in holding leaders accountable for human rights violations? Discuss with suitable examples.

1. Political power dynamics often shield leaders from prosecution and accountability.
2. Corruption within judicial systems can impede fair trials and investigations.
3. Public apathy or support for leaders can hinder accountability efforts.
4. International law enforcement can be limited by state sovereignty and political considerations.
5. Examples like Duterte in the Philippines illustrate the difficulty of achieving justice against powerful leaders.