The Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA) has recently requested the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India (RGI) to enumerate Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) separately in the upcoming Census. This move aims to capture detailed demographic, cultural and socio-economic data on PVTGs. Such data is expected to improve the implementation of targeted welfare schemes like the Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyay Maha Abhiyan (PM JANMAN).
Definition and Identification of PVTGs
PVTGs are a distinct sub-category of Scheduled Tribes (STs). They are characterised by stagnant or declining populations, geographical isolation, primitive livelihoods such as hunting and gathering, economic backwardness, and low literacy rates. The Dhebar Commission (1960-61) first identified these groups, denoting disparities among tribal communities. Initially, 52 groups were classified as PVTGs during the Fifth Five-Year Plan. In 2006, the number rose to 75, spread across 18 states and the Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Challenges in Enumeration
PVTGs have never been separately enumerated in any Census. They are counted under the broader ST category, often grouped without individual recognition. Some PVTGs are listed as ‘single entry’ in the notified ST list under Article 342 of the Constitution, while others remain unlisted or included only in state-specific ST lists. This has led to inconsistent data on their population and socio-economic conditions.
Importance of Separate Enumeration
Separate enumeration will provide precise data on the number of PVTG households and individuals. It will reveal their unique demographic and socio-economic characteristics. This information is crucial for effective policy planning and resource allocation. It will help identify infrastructure gaps and improve health, education, and livelihood schemes under programmes like PM JANMAN.
Current Estimates and Distribution
A recent survey conducted by MoTA estimated the PVTG population at 47.5 lakh. Madhya Pradesh has the largest PVTG population (13.22 lakh), followed by Maharashtra (6.7 lakh) and Andhra Pradesh (5.18 lakh). According to the 2011 Census, some PVTGs, such as the Jarawas and Sentinelese in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, have populations below 1,000. The Sentinelese have the smallest population with only 15 individuals, while the Baigas in Madhya Pradesh are the largest PVTG community with over 4 lakh people.
Revisiting Criteria for Classification
Experts have suggested revisiting the criteria used to identify PVTGs. The marker of geographical isolation has been questioned as some groups have integrated or improved socio-economically over time. A fresh evaluation will ensure that the classification remains relevant and helps focus on truly vulnerable groups.
Policy Implications
Accurate enumeration will enhance the targeting of welfare schemes. It will help bridge gaps in health and education services and improve livelihood opportunities. The data will also support the protection of habitat rights and cultural preservation of PVTGs. Overall, it will strengthen the government’s efforts to uplift these vulnerable communities.
Questions for UPSC:
- Taking example of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups, discuss the challenges and importance of accurate enumeration in India’s Census operations.
- Examine the role of the Dhebar Commission in shaping tribal welfare policies in India and its relevance .
- Analyse the impact of geographical isolation on the socio-economic development of tribal communities and suggest measures to address these challenges.
- With suitable examples, discuss the significance of targeted government schemes like Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyay Maha Abhiyan in improving the living standards of Scheduled Tribes and Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups.
