The Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay) and the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune (IITM Pune) have developed a Smart Irrigation Plan. This plan aims to save 10-30% of irrigation water in drought-prone regions. It uses weather forecasts, satellite soil moisture data, and computer simulations to manage irrigation efficiently.
Recent Developments in Smart Irrigation
Researchers created a method to predict irrigation water needs up to three weeks ahead. The prediction is done at district and sub-district levels. The plan helps farmers in drought-prone areas where rainfall is unpredictable. By knowing expected rainfall, farmers can plan irrigation to support crop growth and conserve groundwater.
Pilot Studies and Field Applications
The pilot study took place in Nashik district, Maharashtra. Local grape farmers used soil moisture sensors to monitor water needs. The study showed groundwater savings of up to 30%. Later, the approach was tested in 12 sub-districts of Bankura, West Bengal, also a drought-prone area. Here, researchers considered different crop types, growth patterns, root depths, and water needs.
Technology and Data Integration
The system combines weather forecasts and soil moisture data in a computer model. The model analyses possible rainfall, soil water capacity, and crop water demand. It advises farmers when to irrigate or avoid watering based on predicted rainfall. This prevents overwatering and saves water.
Soil and Crop Specific Details
Global soil maps and satellite data provide detailed soil moisture information. This includes root zone depth, soil texture, porosity, water-holding capacity, and conductivity. Crop water consumption and monthly rainfall data come from the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) and Indian Meteorological Department (IMD). The model mimics how plants absorb water and respond to water stress or irrigation.
Impact and Funding
This smart irrigation method acts as a real-time advisor for water management. It helps optimise water use and supports sustainable agriculture in water-scarce regions. The study received funding from the Government of West Bengal’s Department of Environment and the DST-Swarnajayanti Fellowship Scheme.
Questions for UPSC:
- Critically analyse the role of technology in enhancing water use efficiency in Indian agriculture with suitable examples.
- Explain the importance of soil moisture data and weather forecasting in sustainable irrigation practices.
- What are the challenges faced by drought-prone regions in India? How can integrated water management systems address these challenges?
- Underline the impact of climate variability on agriculture and suggest measures to mitigate its effects using modern scientific tools.
