South Sudan’s Climate Crisis

South Sudan experienced unprecedented heat, reaching 40°C. This extreme temperature was at least 2°C higher than normal and influenced by human-induced climate change, according to a study by World Weather Attribution (WWA). The findings, published on March 10, 2025, reveal that such heat events are becoming increasingly common in the region, which already grapples with conflict, food insecurity, and economic instability.

Climate Change Impact on Temperature

The WWA study indicates that climate models may underestimate the rise in temperatures. This suggests that the impacts of human-induced warming could be more severe than previously thought. South Sudan is expected to face more frequent and intense heatwaves as global temperatures rise. The trend of extreme heat shifting to earlier months raises concerns about the increasing intensity and seasonal changes of these events.

Effects on Vulnerable Populations

The extreme heat has a disproportionate impact on women and girls, exacerbating existing vulnerabilities. South Sudan has one of the highest maternal mortality rates globally. Low female literacy rates and high employment in informal sectors make women particularly susceptible to heat-related illnesses. This situation is compounded by inadequate infrastructure, which fails to provide protection against rising temperatures.

Educational Disruptions

The rising temperatures have led to school closures for two consecutive years. Recently, students collapsed in classrooms due to extreme heat, prompting a two-week closure. Such disruptions affect girls more , increasing the likelihood of early marriage and hindering their education. The study marks the urgent need for improved school infrastructure and adjusted school hours to mitigate these effects.

Food Insecurity and Health Risks

Malnutrition remains a critical issue, with 860,000 children under five affected. Rising temperatures worsen food insecurity and health complications, particularly in female-headed households. The combination of displacement and conflict further intensifies these challenges. Over 1.1 million people live in overcrowded shelters, increasing their exposure to heat stress.

Adaptation Strategies and Recommendations

The WWA study calls for adaptation strategies that consider gender dynamics and conflict. Empowering women farmers with climate-resilient practices is essential. Strengthening labour protections for outdoor workers and providing financial support to vulnerable households can enhance community resilience. While early warning systems have shown progress, timely dissemination of information remains critical for saving lives.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Critically analyse the impact of climate change on global food security and health.
2. What are the socio-economic implications of maternal mortality rates in developing countries? Comment.
3. Explain the role of education in empowering women in conflict-affected regions.
4. What is the significance of early warning systems in disaster management? How can they be improved?

Answer Hints:

1. Critically analyse the impact of climate change on global food security and health.

1. Climate change leads to extreme weather events, disrupting agricultural production and food supply chains.
2. Rising temperatures affect crop yields, increasing the risk of malnutrition and food insecurity globally.
3. Changes in precipitation patterns contribute to droughts and floods, further threatening food availability.
4. Health impacts include increased heat-related illnesses, vector-borne diseases, and respiratory issues due to pollution.
5. Vulnerable populations, especially in developing countries, face compounded risks from climate change and existing socio-economic challenges.

2. What are the socio-economic implications of maternal mortality rates in developing countries? Comment.

1. High maternal mortality rates reflect inadequate healthcare access, impacting women’s health and life expectancy.
2. It creates socio-economic burdens on families, leading to increased poverty and reduced household productivity.
3. Communities face long-term consequences, with fewer women participating in the workforce and contributing to economic growth.
4. Children are disproportionately affected, facing higher risks of malnutrition and lack of education without maternal support.
5. Addressing maternal health can enhance overall community resilience and economic stability, promoting gender equality.

3. Explain the role of education in empowering women in conflict-affected regions.

1. Education provides women with skills and knowledge, enhancing their employability and economic independence.
2. It encourages critical thinking, enabling women to advocate for their rights and participate in peacebuilding efforts.
3. Educated women are more likely to prioritize education for their children, breaking the cycle of poverty.
4. Access to education reduces vulnerabilities, helping women navigate challenges during and after conflicts.
5. Investment in women’s education contributes to overall community development and social cohesion.

4. What is the significance of early warning systems in disaster management? How can they be improved?

1. Early warning systems provide timely information, enabling communities to prepare for and respond to disasters effectively.
2. They reduce loss of life and property by facilitating evacuation and resource mobilization before disasters strike.
3. Improved communication and technology can enhance the accuracy and reach of early warning messages.
4. Community engagement and training are essential for ensuring that warnings are understood and acted upon.
5. Integrating local knowledge and context into early warning systems can increase their effectiveness and reliability.