Strengthening India’s Electoral Process in 2025

The Election Commission of India (ECI) has initiated discussions with political parties to enhance the electoral process. This comes after recent allegations of electoral roll manipulation and duplicate Electoral Photo Identity Card (EPIC) numbers. The integrity of elections is paramount for democracy.

Legal Framework for Elections

The Constitution of India, under Article 324, gives the ECI authority over electoral rolls and elections. The Representation of the People Act, 1950, and the Registration of Electors Rules, 1960, govern the preparation of electoral rolls. This legal framework ensures a structured electoral process.

Evolution of Voting Mechanisms

Voting methods have transformed since the first general election in 1952. Initially, separate ballot boxes were used. By 1962, ballot papers with candidates’ names and symbols were introduced. The use of Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) began in 2004, with Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) slips added in 2019.

Challenges in the Electoral Process

Several issues have emerged. Allegations of bogus voters in Maharashtra and Delhi have raised concerns. Similarly, identical EPIC numbers across states have led to accusations of electoral fraud. The EC attributes this to the previous decentralised EPIC allocation system.

Campaign Process Concerns

Political campaigns have also faced scrutiny. ‘Star Campaigners’ often use inappropriate language and appeal to divisive sentiments. Moreover, many candidates exceed election expenditure limits. The estimated spending for the 2024 Lok Sabha elections reached ₹1,00,000 crore, raising concerns about corruption.

Criminalisation of Politics

The Association of Democratic Reforms reports alarming statistics. In 2024, 46% of elected Members of Parliament faced criminal charges. This trend undermines public trust in the political system and calls for urgent reforms.

Proposed Reforms for Elections

To ensure fair elections, several reforms are necessary. The sample size for VVPAT matching should be scientifically determined. The introduction of ‘totaliser’ machines could enhance vote counting transparency. Linking Aadhaar with EPIC could help eliminate duplicate cards while addressing privacy concerns.

Campaign Process Reforms

The EC should have the authority to revoke ‘Star Campaigner’ status for serious Model Code of Conduct violations. Amendments to election expenditure laws are needed to ensure political party funding aligns with candidate limits. Strict enforcement of declarations regarding candidates’ criminal backgrounds is essential for informed voter choices.

Engagement with Stakeholders

The ECI should engage in meaningful discussions with political parties to address these electoral and campaign process issues. This collaboration is vital for restoring voter confidence and ensuring democratic integrity.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Critically analyse the role of the Election Commission in ensuring free and fair elections in India.
2. Estimate the impact of Electronic Voting Machines on the electoral process since their introduction.
3. Point out the challenges faced by the Indian electoral system and suggest reforms to address them.
4. What is the significance of the Model Code of Conduct? How does it affect electoral campaigns in India?

Answer Hints:

1. Critically analyse the role of the Election Commission in ensuring free and fair elections in India.

1. The Election Commission (EC) is constitutionally mandated under Article 324 to oversee elections and electoral rolls.
2. It ensures adherence to the Representation of the People Act, 1950, and related rules for fair electoral practices.
3. The EC conducts free and fair elections by implementing regulations, monitoring campaigns, and addressing grievances.
4. It has the authority to revoke party recognition for violations of the Model Code of Conduct (MCC).
5. The EC engages in continuous reforms to enhance transparency and public trust in the electoral process.

2. Estimate the impact of Electronic Voting Machines on the electoral process since their introduction.

1. EVMs were introduced in 2004 to streamline voting and reduce human error in counting.
2. They have increased efficiency and reduced the time taken to declare election results.
3. The addition of VVPAT in 2019 provided a mechanism for voters to verify their votes, enhancing trust in the system.
4. However, concerns about EVM tampering and the need for transparency remain prevalent.
5. Overall, EVMs have modernized the voting process but require ongoing scrutiny and reforms to ensure integrity.

3. Point out the challenges faced by the Indian electoral system and suggest reforms to address them.

1. Issues include allegations of bogus voters, duplicate EPIC numbers, and manipulation of electoral rolls.
2. Campaigns often witness violations of the Model Code of Conduct and excessive election expenditure.
3. Criminalisation of politics is concern, with many elected representatives facing serious charges.
4. Proposed reforms include linking Aadhaar with EPIC to eliminate duplicates and amending expenditure laws.
5. Strengthening EVM verification processes and enhancing transparency in campaign financing are crucial for reform.

4. What is the significance of the Model Code of Conduct? How does it affect electoral campaigns in India?

1. The Model Code of Conduct (MCC) sets guidelines for political parties and candidates during elections to ensure fair play.
2. It aims to prevent electoral malpractices and maintain a level playing field for all candidates.
3. Violations can lead to penalties, including revocation of ‘Star Campaigner’ status and party recognition.
4. The MCC influences campaign strategies, limiting the use of divisive rhetoric and promoting ethical campaigning.
5. Enforcement of the MCC is essential for upholding democratic values and public trust in the electoral process.