The National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) recently conducted a survey, which drew significant attention to the pattern of antibiotic usage in hospitals. The study was particularly relevant given the mounting concerns about Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR).
Key Findings of the NCDC Survey
Of the patients surveyed, 55% were prescribed antibiotics for prophylactic indications, designed to prevent infections. Only 45% were given therapeutic antibiotics that treat infections. Interestingly, a mere 6% of patients were recommended antibiotics after a confirmed diagnosis, while the remainder were given empirical therapy based on the doctor’s clinical assessment.
Strikingly, 94% of patients received antibiotics before any definitive medical diagnosis was confirmed. There were also wide variations in the rates of antibiotic prescriptions among hospitals. The survey underscored that one of the main drivers for developing antibiotic resistance is the excessive and inappropriate use of antibiotics.
Understanding Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
Antimicrobial resistance refers to the acquired resistance of microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, against antimicrobial drugs meant to treat infections. With the evolution of bacteria, standard treatments become ineffective, leading to persistent infections that can spread to others. The World Health Organization (WHO) identifies AMR as one of the top ten threats to global health.
The Spread of AMR: Causes and Implications
High communicable disease prevalence, an overburdened public health system, poor infection control practices, injudicious use, easy access, a lack of awareness, and limited surveillance contribute to AMR. AMR can render previously effective antibiotics ineffective, complicating the treatment of common illnesses. This leads to prolonged illnesses, more severe symptoms, and increased mortality rates. Treating resistant infections often necessitates costlier and prolonged therapies, resulting in higher healthcare costs.
Measures Taken to Tackle AMR
Initiatives like the National Programme on AMR containment launched in 2012, National Action Plan on AMR launched in 2017, AMR Surveillance and Research Network (AMRSN) introduced in 2013, AMR Research & International Collaboration, and Antibiotic Stewardship Program are measures taken by the Indian Government to combat AMR.
Global Measures to Fight AMR
World Antimicrobial Awareness Week (WAAW), Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS), and Global Point Prevalence Survey Methodology are global campaigns and initiatives intended to raise awareness about AMR and monitor its development and spread.
Public Education and Further Strategies
Public education campaigns can inform the public about AMR, its dangers, and prevention strategies. Regulating antibiotic sales and expanding AMR surveillance can also be beneficial. Exploring new technologies such as phage therapy offers potential solutions to AMR challenges.
The UPSC Civil Services Examination tests aspirants on these issues, focusing on their understanding of the reasons behind the emergence of drug-resistant diseases like AMR, and the mechanisms available for control and monitoring.
