The Geology of Western Ghats

The Western Ghats, a UNESCO World Heritage site, stretch majestically along the western coast of India, covering a distance of approximately 1,600 kilometers. This ancient mountain range is not just a breathtaking landscape of lush greenery and diverse flora and fauna but also holds a geological history that dates back millions of years.

Formation and Age

The Western Ghats owe their origin to the break-up of the supercontinent Gondwana, a geological event that began around 150 million years ago. The Indian plate separated from the African plate, creating a rift that eventually led to the formation of these magnificent mountains. The Ghats are believed to be around 60-70 million years old, making them older than the Himalayas.

Structural Features

• Rugged Terrain and Peaks:

The Western Ghats exhibit a rugged topography with peaks that rise sharply, creating a stunning visual panorama. Notable peaks include Anamudi in Kerala, the highest peak in the range, and Mullayanagiri in Karnataka. These peaks are a result of intense tectonic activity and volcanic processes that shaped the landscape.

• Elevated Plateaus:

The Ghats are characterized by elevated plateaus, such as the Deccan Plateau, which lies to the east of the mountain range. These plateaus were formed due to extensive volcanic activity during the Cenozoic era, resulting in the outpouring of lava and the formation of basaltic rock formations.

Rock Formations

• Laterite:

The Western Ghats are rich in laterite, a reddish-brown soil formed in tropical regions with high rainfall. This soil is a product of the weathering of basaltic rocks and is crucial for the growth of diverse vegetation in the region.

• Basaltic Rocks:

Basalt, an igneous rock, is widespread in the Western Ghats and is a key component of the Deccan Traps. These traps are a series of large volcanic eruptions that occurred around 66 million years ago, marking the end of the Mesozoic era. The basaltic rocks contribute to the fertility of the soil and support the region’s rich biodiversity.

Water Bodies and Watersheds

• Rivers and Waterfalls:

The Western Ghats are the birthplace of many major rivers in peninsular India, including the Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri. The steep slopes of the Ghats give rise to numerous waterfalls, such as Jog Falls in Karnataka and Dudhsagar Falls in Goa, showcasing the dynamic interaction between geological processes and water flow.

• Importance of Watersheds:

The Ghats serve as crucial watersheds, regulating the flow of water to the plains below. The intricate network of rivers and streams originating in the Western Ghats plays a vital role in supporting agriculture and sustaining the livelihoods of millions of people.

Ecological Significance

• Biodiversity Hotspot:

The Western Ghats are recognized as one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots, hosting a vast array of plant and animal species, many of which are endemic. The diverse ecosystems, ranging from dense evergreen forests to grasslands, contribute to the region’s ecological richness.

• Shola Forests:

Unique to the Western Ghats are the Shola forests, which are characterized by patches of stunted evergreen trees. These ecosystems are vital for water conservation and play a crucial role in maintaining the ecological balance of the region.

Table: Geological Overview of Western Ghats

The Western Ghats stand not only as a testament to the geological forces that shaped them over millions of years but also as a lifeline for the people and ecosystems that depend on their resources.