In November 2024, an important event took place at the Ministry of Earth Sciences in New Delhi. Union Minister Dr Jitendra Singh honoured 21 trainees from various developing countries. These trainees had completed a two-month intensive training programme on deep-sea mineral exploration. The training focused on Polymetallic Nodules (PMN) and Polymetallic Sulphides (PMS). This initiative aligns with India’s commitment to international cooperation under the International Seabed Authority (ISA).
Purpose of the Training
The training aimed to build capacity in developing nations. It provided knowledge on sustainable exploration and utilisation of deep-sea resources. The programme also encouraged collaboration among nations involved in mineral exploration.
Training Institutions Involved
Two key institutions conducted the training. The National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT) in Chennai focused on at-sea training for PMN. The National Centre for Ocean and Polar Research (NCPOR) in Goa handled on-land training for PMS. Both institutions are part of the Ministry of Earth Sciences.
Participating Countries
The trainees hailed from various countries. Participants from Kenya, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Nigeria, and Ghana attended the PMN training. Meanwhile, candidates from Ghana, Madagascar, Jamaica, and Nigeria participated in the PMS training. This diverse representation puts stress on the global interest in deep-sea exploration.
Academic Support
The training received academic backing from several CSIR institutes. The National Institute of Oceanography in Goa and the Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology in Bhubaneshwar provided additional resources and expertise. This collaboration enriched the training experience for the participants.
and Visits
In addition to formal training, participants visited other MoES institutes. These visits included the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services and the National Centre for Earth System Sciences. Such interactions broadened their understanding of ocean research and technology.
Role of the International Seabed Authority
The ISA plays important role in regulating mineral activities in international waters. Established in 1994 under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the ISA is headquartered in Kingston, Jamaica. It ensures that the exploration and exploitation of seabed resources are conducted responsibly.
Future Directions
Dr Jitendra Singh emphasised the need for sustainable practices in deep-sea exploration. He advocated for robust regulations and proactive international cooperation. The focus remains on conservation while tapping into the potential of deep-sea resources.
Questions for UPSC:
- Critically examine the role of the International Seabed Authority in regulating deep-sea mineral exploration.
- Explain the significance of training programmes for developing countries in the context of deep-sea resource management.
- Discuss the impact of international cooperation on sustainable deep-sea resource utilisation. Provide examples.
- With suitable examples, discuss the challenges faced in the exploration of Polymetallic Nodules and Polymetallic Sulphides.
