India has witnessed a remarkable transformation in girls’ education over the past decade. This change is driven by strong leadership, innovative policies, and shifting societal mindsets. The focus has moved beyond enrolment to addressing deep-rooted barriers and creating lasting social impact.
Historical Context and Early Initiatives
In earlier times, educating girls was often discouraged. However, regions like Gujarat set early examples of change. During the Gaekwad dynasty, laws penalised fathers for not educating daughters. More recently, as Chief Minister of Gujarat, Narendra Modi launched the Kanya Kelavani campaign in 2003. This campaign combined awareness, infrastructure improvements like separate toilets, and incentives. These efforts raised female literacy in Gujarat to 70%, above the national average, and reduced school dropouts.
National Scale – Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao
Inspired by Gujarat’s success, the Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao (BBBP) initiative was launched nationwide in 2015. It targeted gender-biased sex ratios and promoted girls’ education in 100 critical districts initially. The programme involved multiple ministries for a coordinated approach. The sex ratio at birth improved from 919 girls per 1,000 boys (2015-16) to 929 (2019-21). Twenty states and union territories now exceed the national average, signalling positive change.
Health and Demographic Benefits
Girls’ education has contributed to health and demographic shifts. Educated women marry later and have fewer children. India’s Total Fertility Rate has fallen to 2.0, just below replacement level. Institutional deliveries and prenatal care have increased among women with secondary education. Infant Mortality Rate for girls dropped from 49 per 1,000 live births in 2014 to 33 in 2020. These improvements reflect the broader benefits of female literacy on public health.
Economic and Social Empowerment
Education has opened new opportunities for women in the workforce. Female participation is rising in healthcare, education, science, technology, engineering, mathematics (STEM), and entrepreneurship. Educated women are breaking barriers as officers, CEOs, and innovators. Their economic contributions help families and communities grow. This empowerment also encourages investment in the education of the next generation.
The Multiplier Effect on Society
Educated girls become educated mothers, creating a positive cycle. Children of educated mothers perform better academically and enjoy better health. Surveys in Madhya Pradesh show high awareness of BBBP and increased support for delaying early marriage and promoting girls’ education. This shift in mindset is crucial for sustaining progress. Educated women are emerging as leaders and change-makers shaping India’s future.
Questions for UPSC:
- Critically analyse the role of government policies in improving female literacy rates in India with suitable examples.
- Explain the impact of female education on demographic indicators such as fertility rate and infant mortality rate in developing countries.
- What are the challenges faced in increasing female labour force participation in India? How can education help overcome these challenges?
- Comment on the multiplier effect of women’s education on societal development and economic growth with reference to India.
