In October 2024, tensions escalated in southern Lebanon as the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) were accused of deliberately damaging a United Nations observation post. This incident prompted a stern reminder from the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) regarding the obligations of all parties to protect UN personnel and property. Such actions are deemed violations of international law, raising questions about the ongoing role of UN peacekeepers in a region marked by conflict.
History of UNIFIL
The United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) was established in 1978 following Israel’s invasion aimed at expelling Palestinian armed groups. The mission’s initial objectives were to confirm Israel’s withdrawal from southern Lebanon and assist the Lebanese government in restoring authority. The mandate was expanded after the 2006 conflict, with the UN Security Council adopting Resolution 1701, which called for a permanent ceasefire and restricted the presence of arms in the region to those of the Lebanese armed forces.
UNIFIL’s Mandate and Challenges
UNIFIL’s mandate includes monitoring the cessation of hostilities, assisting the Lebanese army, and providing humanitarian aid. Despite its peacekeeping role, UNIFIL has faced criticism, particularly from Israel, which claims that the force has failed to curb Hezbollah’s activities. However, UNIFIL’s operational rules prohibit engagement in hostilities except in self-defence, complicating its ability to respond to provocations.
International Law and Israel’s Actions
Attacks on UN peacekeepers are violations of international law, yet Israel’s government has challenged the legitimacy of UNIFIL’s presence, calling for its withdrawal. This stance raises concerns about the protection of peacekeepers and the broader implications for international peacekeeping operations. Israel’s actions, including the barring of the UN Secretary-General from entry, signal a troubling trend in the respect for international institutions.
India’s Role in UNIFIL
India has been an important contributor to UNIFIL since 1998, with its battalion, INDBATT, renowned for professionalism and community outreach. As of October 2024 contributed 903 personnel, making it one of the largest troop contributors alongside Indonesia and Italy. INDBATT has engaged in various humanitarian projects, such as constructing parks and providing medical assistance, denoting India’s commitment to peacekeeping and regional stability.
Hezbollah’s Position in Lebanon
Hezbollah occupies a complex role within Lebanese society, functioning as both a political party and a military force. It holds representation in the Lebanese Parliament, reflecting its legitimacy among many Lebanese citizens. The Lebanese Armed Forces, while professional, face resource constraints and are often seen as less capable compared to the IDF. The ongoing conflict is viewed by many in Lebanon as a struggle for self-defence rather than an outright war against Israel.
Questions for UPSC:
- Discuss the role and significance of UNIFIL in maintaining peace in Lebanon.
- Evaluate the implications of Israel’s actions against UN peacekeeping forces in the context of international law.
- Examine India’s contributions to UNIFIL and its impact on India’s foreign relations.
- Analyse Hezbollah’s dual role in Lebanese politics and its influence on regional stability.
- Assess the challenges faced by the Lebanese Armed Forces in the current geopolitical climate.
