Article:
In the world of batteries, two types are currently prevalent – Lithium-ion (Li-ion) and solid-state batteries. Both have their uses, features, and applications, however, with the emergence of electric vehicles and the sustained push for greener energy solutions, a shift towards more efficient technology is apparent.
The Promise of Solid-State Batteries
Promising higher energy density compared to its Li-ion counterpart, solid-state batteries utilize a solid electrolyte instead of a liquid one. The absence of risk for explosion or fire eradicates the need for safety components, saving space and allowing for the incorporation of more active material—elements that boost battery capacity.
Consequently, solid-state batteries offer a higher energy density per unit area with fewer batteries needed, making them ideal for electric vehicle (EV) batteries systems. Carmaker Volkswagen plans to leverage this advantage through a partnership with QuantumScape, aiming to start production of solid-state batteries by 2025.
Limitations of Lithium-ion Batteries
Despite their wide usage in electronic gadgets, telecommunication, aerospace, and industrial applications, Li-ion batteries have their limitations. While currently seen as sufficiently efficient for mobile phones and laptops, issues like long charging times and weak energy density hinder their application for EVs.
The nature of lithium as an extremely reactive metal also raises safety concerns. Frequent instances of Li-ion batteries catching fires have been reported. Additionally, the manufacturing process of these batteries is relatively expensive.
Why Solid-State Batteries Outshine Li-ion
By eliminating the carbon anode, solid-state batteries provide a higher cell energy density. A faster charge time and a longer life are achieved due to the absence of lithium diffusion into carbon particles—a common occurrence in conventional Li-ion cells. Moreover, improved safety is another significant advantage that solid-state batteries hold over their Li-ion counterparts.
QuantumScape claims to lower the battery cost by 15-20% relative to Li-ion batteries, which could be a game-changer considering that battery expenses currently drive 30% of the total vehicle costs.
Exploring Alternatives to Solid-State and Li-ion Batteries
Apart from solid-state and Li-ion batteries, several other potential alternatives are being explored.
Graphene batteries, which need less frequent charging compared to Li-ion batteries, stand out as a promising choice. The recently stabilised and isolated material of Graphene is at the heart of this new technology.
Fluoride batteries, which have the potential to last eight times longer than lithium batteries, and sand batteries, which use silicon instead of graphite in the anodes, are also being investigated.
Another alternative currently under research is ammonia-powered batteries. If scientists can figure out a way to produce ammonia without creating greenhouse gas emissions, it can be used to power fuel cells in vehicles.
Other potential sources include lithium-sulphur batteries, claimed by Australian researchers to be four times more powerful than the strongest batteries available. In addition, Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotube Electrodes make good candidates for Li-ion battery electrodes requiring high rate capability and capacity.
The race for the perfect battery — safe, efficient, versatile and affordable— continues with all mentioned technologies participating. It’s clear that the focus has shifted from simple energy storage to a greater demand for efficient power sources that can drive the next generation of vehicles and electronic devices.
