Cancer has been escalating as the second leading cause of death worldwide, prompting concern from national and international health organisations. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), principal factors contributing heavily to this global health challenge include consumption of tobacco and alcohol, unhealthy diet, and physical inactivity. These four elements not only accelerate the risk of cancer but also contribute to other non-communicable diseases.
Chronic Infections and Cancer Risk
The WHO further expounded that certain chronic infections are key risk factors for cancer, particularly in low and middle-income countries. For instance, infection with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) significantly heightens the risk of certain types of cancers such as cervical cancer.
WHO’s Recommendations for Cancer Prevention
The WHO has provided several preventative measures to mitigate the risk of developing cancer. Some of these recommendations encompass avoiding all forms of tobacco, making homes smoke-free zones, maintaining a healthy diet, and staying physically active. Additionally, vaccination against Hepatitis B and Human Papillomavirus (HPV), using sun protection measures, limiting alcohol intake, and participating in organised cancer screening programmes can also lower cancer risk. Interestingly, it is mentioned that breastfeeding can reduce a mother’s risk of developing cancer.
The Increasing Prevalence of Cancer in India
India, one of the highly populated countries globally, is witnessing a surge in the number of cancer cases. The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) reveals that an estimated 12 to 13 lakh new cancer cases are diagnosed annually, with an existing 25 to 30 lakh cancer cases at any given time in the country. Regrettably, a predominant majority of these cases are diagnosed at advanced stages.
Comparison Between Diagnosis Stages in Developed and Developing Countries
In contrast to the situation in India, developed countries such as those in Europe and the United States diagnose a majority of cancer cases during the early stages. This is attributed to their effective screening programmes, which help in prompt detection and intervention.
Understanding Cancer
At its core, cancer is characterised by the uncontrolled multiplication of cells. It may commence from one part of the body, referred to as the primary tumour, and spread to another part, becoming what is known as metastatic or secondary cancer. Despite the change in location, metastatic cancer still comprises the same type of cancer cells as the primary cancer. Thus, the term ‘metastatic cancer’ is typically used to describe solid tumours that have extended to other parts of the body.