Based on a recent study by the World Bank, it has been observed that human settlements in global flood zones have seen an alarming increase of 122% since 1985. This significant growth contributes to the vulnerability of millions of people to climate change-induced water disasters, particularly in middle- and low-income countries. Conversely, the most secure areas saw an 80% rise in population growth.
Key Findings from the World Bank Study
It has been notable that most countries, particularly in East Asia, have experienced increased settlements in regular and ultra-high flood zones than in dry regions. For instance, Libya, which underwent severe flooding in 2023, saw an 83% rise in settlement extent in the most dangerous flood zones. Likewise, Pakistan had an 89% increase in flood-prone settlements after devastating floods in 2022 and 2023.
However, there were exceptions. The United States, for example, saw a 76% increase in dry settlements whereas flood settlements only rose by 46%. Other countries with more dry areas than wet ones include India, France, Sweden, Austria, Finland, Japan, and Canada.
Causes of Human Settlement Increase in Flood Zones
Several factors have contributed to this issue. With economic growth, rural-to-urban migration near waterways has become common. As cities expand, settlements often move into flood-risk areas, such as Dar es Salaam in Tanzania, which grew from a small fishing village to a city of over seven million. Similarly, financial constraints can force low-income populations to settle in high-risk areas. The lack of regulatory enforcement in some countries allows these settlements to continue without enough safeguards.
Cultural and historical ties also play a factor. Some communities are deeply connected to flood-prone regions, influencing their decision to stay or settle despite the risks. Furthermore, coastal and riverfront areas continue to attract tourism and recreation enthusiasts, leading to even more settlements.
Interconnection of Settlement Expansion and Climate Change
Settlement expansion into flood zones does not dismiss the importance of climate change. These two issues are interconnected, and they intensify risks and vulnerabilities. Immediate needs for shelter and livelihoods may overshadow long-term climate risks, leading to decisions focused on short-term survival.
Suggestions for Improvement
There are a few ways to address this issue. Strict Land Use Policies: Implement and enforce stringent land-use regulations to prohibit or limit new construction in high-risk areas. Infrastructure Investment: Invest in resilient infrastructure, including improved flood defenses, early warning systems, and floodplain mapping. Government Support and Relocation Assistance: Offer financial incentives for residents to relocate from risky areas to safer ones and increase emergency response measures. Public Awareness and Education: Launch campaigns to educate communities about the risks of living in flood-prone areas.
Related UPSC Civil Services Examination Questions
Several questions have been asked in previous UPSC Civil Services Examinations regarding urban flooding and its management. For instance, one question was about discussing the reasons for urban floods and mechanisms for preparedness. Another question asked for solutions to massive flooding in Indian cities, including ‘smart’ cities like Hyderabad and Pune. A third question discussed India’s major cities’ increasing vulnerability to flood conditions.
