XPoSat – ISRO’s Groundbreaking X-ray Polarimeter Satellite

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) commenced 2024 with achievement. It successfully launched the X-ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat) aboard the PSLV-C58 rocket. This mission aims to advance our understanding of black holes and neutron stars.

Overview of XPoSat Mission

XPoSat is ISRO’s first dedicated scientific satellite focused on polarisation measurements of X-ray emissions. It carries two primary payloads – POLIX and XSPECT. POLIX is developed by the Raman Research Institute, while XSPECT is created by the Space Astronomy Group at the U R Rao Satellite Centre in Bengaluru. The mission’s objectives include measuring X-ray polarisation from approximately 50 cosmic sources and conducting long-term studies of these sources.

Payloads and Objectives

The POLIX payload aims to measure polarisation in the energy range of 8-30 keV. XSPECT focuses on spectral and temporal analysis of cosmic X-ray sources. Both payloads will work together to provide comprehensive data on cosmic X-ray emissions. The mission is expected to last five years, allowing for extensive research.

Launch Vehicle Details

The launch vehicle for XPoSat was the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV). The PSLV has a robust history, having previously been used for missions like Chandrayaan-1 and the Mars Orbiter Mission. The PSLV-C58 successfully placed XPoSat into orbit 21 minutes after liftoff.

Scientific Maneuvers and Experiments

Following the launch, ISRO conducted a manoeuvring experiment by firing the PSLV’s fourth stage twice. This reduced the satellite’s altitude from 650 km to 350 km. The experiment aimed to facilitate scientific operations for ten additional payloads under the PSLV Orbital Experimental Module-3 (POEM).

Additional Payloads and Collaborations

Among the ten additional payloads were various innovative projects. These included the Radiation Shielding Experiment Module, Women Engineered Satellite, BeliefSat, and the Green Impulse Transmitter. Collaborations with educational institutions and private companies highlight ISRO’s commitment to encouraging innovation in space technology.

Significance of XPoSat

XPoSat represents leap in astrophysical research. By studying X-ray polarisation, scientists can gain vital information about the behaviour of extreme cosmic phenomena. This mission reinforces India’s position in the global space research arena.

Future Prospects

The successful launch of XPoSat sets the stage for future missions. ISRO’s continued investment in space-based research will likely yield new discoveries. The collaboration between various research institutions further enhances the potential for groundbreaking scientific advancements.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Examine the significance of polarisation measurements in astrophysics and their implications for understanding cosmic phenomena.
2. Discuss the role of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle in India’s space missions and its impact on satellite deployment.
3. Analyse the collaborative efforts between ISRO and educational institutions in developing space technology.
4. Critically discuss the potential scientific advancements that could arise from the XPoSat mission and its payloads.

Answer Hints:

1. Examine the significance of polarisation measurements in astrophysics and their implications for understanding cosmic phenomena.

1. Polarisation measurements provide vital information about the magnetic fields and geometries of celestial bodies.
2. They help in understanding the emission processes of X-ray sources, such as black holes and neutron stars.
3. Polarisation can indicate the presence of strong gravitational fields and relativistic effects.
4. Data from polarisation studies can lead to advancements in theoretical models of cosmic phenomena.
5. Ultimately, these measurements can enhance our understanding of the universe’s evolution and structure.

2. Discuss the role of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle in India’s space missions and its impact on satellite deployment.

1. The PSLV is a versatile and reliable launch vehicle, crucial for deploying satellites into various orbits.
2. It has successfully launched numerous missions, including Chandrayaan-1 and the Mars Orbiter Mission.
3. The vehicle can carry multiple payloads, enhancing cost-effectiveness and mission efficiency.
4. PSLV’s track record has established India as a competitive player in the global space launch market.
5. Its continuous development reflects ISRO’s commitment to advancing satellite technology and capabilities.

3. Analyse the collaborative efforts between ISRO and educational institutions in developing space technology.

1. ISRO partners with various universities and institutes to encourage research and innovation in space technology.
2. Collaborations have led to the development of payloads like POLIX and XSPECT for the XPoSat mission.
3. These partnerships provide students and researchers with practical experience in space science and engineering.
4. Such initiatives promote knowledge transfer and capacity building in the field of aerospace technology.
5. ISRO’s engagement with educational institutions enhances India’s scientific workforce and innovation ecosystem.

4. Critically discuss the potential scientific advancements that could arise from the XPoSat mission and its payloads.

1. XPoSat’s payloads will provide unprecedented data on cosmic X-ray emissions, enhancing astrophysical models.
2. Long-term studies could reveal new vital information about the life cycles of black holes and neutron stars.
3. Polarisation data may lead to breakthroughs in understanding extreme environments in the universe.
4. The mission could pave the way for future missions focused on high-energy astrophysics.
5. Collaborative research stemming from XPoSat findings may encourage advancements in related scientific fields.