COP29 – Global Climate Action and Air Pollution

The 29th Conference of Parties (COP29) has commenced in Baku, Azerbaijan. This year’s focus is on climate finance and regional cooperation to combat air pollution. The conference brings together 190 countries to negotiate critical climate goals. A important point of discussion is the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) on climate finance. Developing countries are seeking substantial funding to meet their climate targets.

New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG)

The NCQG aims to mobilise $5-6.8 trillion by 2030. This funding is crucial for developing countries to achieve their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). The existing goal from 2009 was to provide $100 billion annually from 2020 to 2025. This target was only partially met by 2022. The new goal is expected to be operational by 2025. Countries are currently evaluating various options within the NCQG framework.

Air Pollution in the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH)

Air pollution is a pressing issue for HKH countries. India has urged neighbouring nations to collaborate on air quality management. The Indo-Gangetic Airshed affects multiple countries, including India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Delhi suffers from severe air pollution, especially during winter months. Stubble burning and domestic pollution contribute to this crisis. Experts advocate for a regional approach to manage air quality.

Regional Cooperation Initiatives

At COP29, leaders from HKH countries discussed the need for unified actions against climate change. Bhutan’s Prime Minister emphasised the importance of cooperation in addressing shared challenges. The region faces threats from climate change, including extreme weather events and biodiversity loss. Collaborative efforts are necessary to access global funding and enhance disaster preparedness.

Key Issues for HKH Cooperation

Several critical issues were identified for future cooperation among HKH countries. These include cryosphere risk monitoring, disaster preparedness, air pollution control, and biodiversity conservation. Building regional capacity to access international funding is essential. The need for regular ministerial meetings was brought into light to ensure ongoing dialogue and action.

Challenges Ahead

Despite the progress made, important challenges remain. The NCQG text is complex and requires further refinement. Countries must agree on the quantum, quality, and timelines of funding. Additionally, regional cooperation on air pollution needs a formal regulatory framework. The urgency of climate action is telld by the vulnerabilities faced by HKH residents.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Discuss the significance of the New Collective Quantified Goal in addressing climate finance challenges.
2. Critically examine the impact of air pollution on public health in the Indo-Gangetic region.
3. Explain the role of regional cooperation in managing climate change impacts in the Hindu Kush Himalaya.
4. With suitable examples, discuss the challenges faced by developing countries in meeting their Nationally Determined Contributions.

Answer Hints:

1. Discuss the significance of the New Collective Quantified Goal in addressing climate finance challenges.

1. The NCQG aims to mobilize $5-6.8 trillion by 2030, addressing the financial needs of developing countries for climate action.
2. It builds upon the previous goal of $100 billion annually from 2020-2025, which was only partially met, denoting the urgency for increased funding.
3. The NCQG is crucial for enabling countries to meet their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and transition to renewable energy.
4. It reflects a collective commitment among 190 countries to tackle climate change and support vulnerable nations.
5. The successful implementation of the NCQG is essential for achieving global climate targets and ensuring sustainable development.

2. Critically examine the impact of air pollution on public health in the Indo-Gangetic region.

1. The Indo-Gangetic region, particularly Delhi, consistently ranks as one of the most polluted areas globally, leading to severe health issues.
2. High levels of particulate matter and toxic pollutants contribute to respiratory diseases, cardiovascular problems, and premature deaths.
3. Seasonal factors, such as stubble burning in neighboring states, exacerbate air quality, particularly during winter months.
4. Vulnerable populations, including children and the elderly, are disproportionately affected by air pollution-related health risks.
5. There is a pressing need for regional cooperation and effective policies to mitigate air pollution and protect public health.

3. Explain the role of regional cooperation in managing climate change impacts in the Hindu Kush Himalaya.

1. Regional cooperation among HKH countries is vital for addressing transboundary issues like air pollution and climate change impacts.
2. Collaborative efforts can enhance disaster preparedness and response to extreme weather events affecting the region.
3. Joint initiatives can facilitate access to global funding for climate adaptation and mitigation projects.
4. Shared knowledge and resources can improve biodiversity conservation and cryosphere risk monitoring across borders.
5. Regular ministerial meetings can strengthen dialogue and commitment to collective action in the HKH region.

4. With suitable examples, discuss the challenges faced by developing countries in meeting their Nationally Determined Contributions.

1. Developing countries often lack the financial resources to implement ambitious climate action plans, hindering their NDCs.
2. Technical limitations and inadequate infrastructure can impede the transition to renewable energy sources.
3. For example, India’s struggle with air pollution and reliance on coal limits its ability to reduce emissions effectively.
4. Disparities in capacity and technology access among countries create unequal challenges in fulfilling NDC commitments.
5. Political and economic instability can divert attention and resources away from climate goals, further complicating NDC achievement.