India is the second most populous country in the world, with a population of approximately 1.4 billion. It occupies only 2.4% of the world’s land area but houses about 17.5% of the global population. The population growth rate has slowed in recent years but is still higher than that of China. Projections suggest India may surpass China in population by 2028.
Census in India
The census is a systematic process of collecting demographic data. The first census in India occurred in 1872, but it was not comprehensive. The first complete census was conducted in 1881, followed by regular censuses every ten years. The 2011 census marked the fifteenth census since 1872.
Population Growth – Basic Concepts
- Growth Rate: The net change in population over time, expressed as a percentage.
- Natural Growth: The difference between birth and death rates.
- Migratory Growth: Population changes due to migration.
- Positive Growth: Occurs when birth rates exceed death rates.
- Negative Growth: Happens when death rates exceed birth rates.
Phases of Population Growth in India
The demographic history of India can be divided into four distinct phases:
- Stagnant Population (1901-1921): Characterised by high birth and death rates, resulting in minimal population growth.
- Steady Growth (1921-1951): Population increased from 251 million to 361 million due to improved health and sanitation.
- Rapid High Growth (1951-1981): Population explosion due to decreased mortality and persistently high fertility rates.
- High Growth with Signs of Slowing (1981-2011): Growth rates began to decline due to state efforts in family planning.
Child Population in India
The child population (aged 0-6 years) is crucial for future demographic trends. In 2011, there were 158.8 million children in this age group. Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan accounted for 52% of India’s child population.
Density of Population
Population density is a measure of population per unit area. In 2011, the density was 382 people per square kilometre. Density varies across states and regions.
Spatial Distribution of Population Density
Population density can be classified into five categories:
- Extremely Low Density: Areas with less than 100 persons/sq.km.
- Low Density: 101-250 persons/sq.km.
- Moderate Density: 251-500 persons/sq.km.
- High Density: 501-1000 persons/sq.km.
- Very High Density: Over 1000 persons/sq.km.
Factors Influencing Population Distribution
Several factors affect population distribution in India:
- Terrain: Plain areas support higher population density than mountainous regions.
- Climate: Moderate climates are more conducive to population concentration.
- Soil Quality: Fertile soils in river valleys attract larger populations.
- Water Availability: Proximity to water bodies supports higher densities.
- Industrial Growth: Economic opportunities in industrial areas attract migrants.
- Urbanisation: Cities show higher population densities due to economic and social opportunities.
Sex Ratio in India
The sex ratio is defined as the number of females per 1,000 males. According to the 2011 Census, India had a sex ratio of 943 females per 1,000 males. Factors contributing to the low sex ratio include a higher birth rate of males, female infanticide, and societal preferences for male children.
Tribal Population in India
Tribes are considered the original inhabitants of India, often referred to as Adivasi. According to the 2011 Census, tribal populations constituted 8.61% of India’s total population. They predominantly reside in rural areas, with a high growth rate compared to the national average.
Challenges Faced by Tribes
Tribal communities face several challenges, including:
- Loss of Land: Industrialisation and resource extraction have led to displacement.
- Lack of Education: High illiteracy rates hinder socio-economic progress.
- Health Issues: Poor health outcomes due to inadequate access to healthcare.
- Gender Disparities: Women face additional challenges due to socio-economic factors.
Measures for Tribal Development
The Government of India has implemented various measures for tribal welfare, including:
- Constitutional Safeguards: Articles in the Constitution provide for the protection and representation of tribal communities.
- Reservation in Education: Special provisions for scholarships and educational opportunities.
- Employment Schemes: Initiatives to improve livelihoods and economic conditions.
Literacy Rates in India
The literacy rate in India was 74.04% as per the 2011 Census. The rates differ between genders, with male literacy at 82.14% and female literacy at 65.46%. Regional disparities exist, with states like Kerala leading in literacy.
Gender Disparities in Literacy
The gender gap in literacy rates has narrowed, with female literacy increasing from 2001 to 2011. However, states like Rajasthan and Bihar still show considerable gaps in male and female literacy rates.
Government Initiatives for Education
The Government of India has launched various initiatives to promote literacy, including:
- Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan: Aimed at universalising education.
- Midday Meal Scheme: Provides meals to improve school attendance.
- Right to Education Act: Guarantees free education for children aged 6 to 14.
Future Projections
India’s population is expected to continue growing until 2050, after which a decline is anticipated. The demographic transition suggests a shift towards lower fertility rates, aligning with global trends.
