Recently, the debate surrounding the necessity and implementation of Flue Gas Desulfurisation (FGD) systems in India’s thermal power plants (TPPs) has intensified. A recent memorandum from NITI Aayog has questioned the need for FGDs, citing a draft report from CSIR-NEERI which suggests that sulphur dioxide (SO₂) emissions from coal-based power plants are largely within acceptable limits. This has raised concerns about the future of air quality management and regulatory compliance in India.
About SO₂ Emissions
SO₂ is an important air pollutant primarily produced from burning fossil fuels, especially coal. India, being the world’s largest emitter of SO₂, has seen its emissions increase dramatically over the years. The sulphur content in Indian coal, while lower than that of its international counterparts, still poses a considerable risk due to the sheer volume of coal consumed—approximately 1,155.3 million tonnes in 2023. The combustion process converts sulphur into SO₂, which is released into the atmosphere unless captured by technologies like FGDs.
The Role of FGD Systems
FGD systems are designed to remove SO₂ from the exhaust gases of fossil fuel power plants. The technology is costly, with installation expenses ranging from ₹1-2 crore per megawatt, which translates to higher electricity generation costs for consumers. Critics argue that the financial burden on consumers may not justify the benefits, especially when data suggests that SO₂ levels are generally within regulatory limits.
Regulatory Framework and Compliance
The Government of India has established a phased approach to FGD implementation, categorising TPPs based on their proximity to urban areas and pollution levels. Compliance deadlines have been extended multiple times, reflecting the challenges faced by power plants in meeting stringent emission norms. The latest notification sets different deadlines for various categories, with some plants required to comply by December 2024, while others have until 2026.
Health Implications of SO₂ and PM
SO₂ is known to react with other pollutants, forming particulate matter (PM), which poses severe health risks including respiratory diseases and cardiovascular problems. The rise in PM2.5 levels in India is directly linked to SO₂ emissions, making it imperative to address both pollutants effectively. Despite the recent recommendations against FGDs, experts warn that neglecting these systems could exacerbate public health crises.
Controversies and Conflicting Reports
The divergence in recommendations from various studies has created confusion. While CSIR-NEERI suggests that FGDs are unnecessary, previous reports from institutions like IIT Delhi advocate for their phased implementation based on environmental assessments. This inconsistency raises questions about the integrity of regulatory processes and the prioritisation of public health over industrial interests.
The Future of Emission Control in India
As India continues to grapple with air quality issues, the future of FGD installations remains uncertain. With ongoing debates about the efficacy and necessity of such systems, stakeholders must consider the long-term implications for air quality, public health, and energy costs. The government’s approach to managing emissions, particularly SO₂, will influence the nation’s environmental landscape.
Questions for UPSC:
- Discuss the significance of Flue Gas Desulfurisation (FGD) systems in controlling air pollution in India.
- What are the health implications associated with sulphur dioxide (SO₂) emissions from thermal power plants?
- Analyse the regulatory framework governing emissions from coal-based power plants in India.
- Evaluate the conflicting recommendations regarding FGD implementation from various research institutions.
- How does the categorisation of thermal power plants impact compliance with emission norms?
