Recently, Tamil Nadu faced unprecedented heatwaves, prompting the state government to declare them a State-specific disaster. This declaration allows for immediate relief measures, including ex-gratia payments of ₹4 lakh to families of those who succumb to heat-related conditions. The decision puts stress on the severity of the health crisis, particularly affecting vulnerable populations during the scorching months of April and May.
About Heatwaves
Heatwaves are prolonged periods of excessively hot weather, which may be accompanied by high humidity. They pose serious health risks, particularly to the elderly, children, and those with pre-existing conditions. The World Meteorological Organization defines a heatwave as a period of at least five consecutive days with maximum temperatures exceeding the average maximum temperature by 5°C or more.
Impact on Public Health
The extreme temperatures in Tamil Nadu have led to public health concerns. Many regions recorded temperatures surpassing 40°C, causing a spike in heat-related illnesses. Dehydration, heat exhaustion, and heat strokes are common during such conditions. Vulnerable groups are particularly at risk, necessitating targeted interventions.
Urban Heat Islands
Urban areas like Chennai and Madurai experience intensified heat due to the urban heat island effect. This phenomenon occurs when cities, with their concrete structures and asphalt roads, absorb and retain heat, resulting in higher temperatures compared to rural areas. For instance, urban environments can be up to 5°C warmer than surrounding rural areas, exacerbating the effects of heatwaves.
Relief Measures Implemented
In response to the crisis, the Tamil Nadu government has initiated several relief measures. These include the provision of medical care, oral rehydration salts (ORS), and access to drinking water at kiosks in affected areas. The State Disaster Response Fund will be utilised to support these efforts, ensuring that immediate assistance reaches those in need.
Geographical Factors
Certain geographical features contribute to the heatwave’s intensity in Tamil Nadu. Regions with barren rocky hillocks, such as Dindigul and Krishnagiri, absorb heat during the day and radiate it at night, prolonging the effects of high temperatures. Data reveals that Erode recorded the highest number of days above 40°C, denoting the geographical variability in heatwave impacts.
Broader Environmental Concerns
The state has also recognised other environmental hazards, including sea erosion and extreme weather events like lightning and whirlwinds, as specific disasters. This holistic approach to disaster management is crucial in addressing the multifaceted challenges posed by climate change and environmental degradation.
Questions for UPSC:
- Discuss the health impacts of heatwaves on vulnerable populations in Tamil Nadu.
- Explain the urban heat island effect and its implications for city planning.
- What measures can be taken to mitigate the effects of extreme heat in urban areas?
- Analyse the geographical factors that exacerbate heatwaves in Tamil Nadu.
- Evaluate the role of state disaster response funds in managing climate-related disasters.
