The Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve (NSTR), located in the Nallamala hill ranges of Andhra Pradesh, is the largest tiger reserve in India, spreading across an area of 5937 sq. km. However, this pristine habitat is now facing significant challenges due to cattle grazing in the forest and illegal fishing in the backwaters of Srisailam and Nagarjunasagar dams. The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) has recently raised concerns about these activities, which pose a big threat to the survival of tigers and other wildlife in the reserve.
About Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve
NSTR, established in 1983, encompasses the undivided districts of Guntur, Prakasam, and Kurnool, showcasing a diverse and rich ecosystem. The reserve is aptly named after the two major dams in the area, Nagarjuna Sagar Dam and Srisailam Dam, which play a crucial role in providing water to the surrounding regions and supporting the wildlife. The reserve comprises two wildlife sanctuaries, namely Rajiv Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and Gundla Brahmeswaram Wildlife Sanctuary (GBM), which contribute to the overall conservation efforts.
Geography and Biodiversity
Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve is characterized by plateau, ridges, gorges, and deep valleys, making it a picturesque landscape. The river Krishna runs through the reserve, providing a lifeline to the various flora and fauna that thrive in its vicinity. The vegetation predominantly consists of tropical dry deciduous forests with an undergrowth of bamboo and grass, creating a perfect habitat for diverse species.
Unique Flora and Fauna
The reserve is home to several endemic plant species like Andrographis nallamalayana, Eriolaena lushingtonii, Crotalaria madurensis Var, and Premna hamiltonii, which further emphasize the ecological significance of the region. NSTR also boasts an impressive array of fauna, with the top predators being Tigers, Leopards, Wolves, Wild Dogs, and Jackals. The prey species include Sambar, Chital, Chowsingha, Chinkara, Mouse Deer, Wild boar, and Porcupine, forming a balanced ecosystem that relies on the delicate interactions between predator and prey.
Cattle Grazing: A Menace to Wildlife
Cattle grazing has emerged as a significant issue in NSTR, where domestic livestock is allowed to graze freely in the forested areas. This unrestricted grazing not only disturbs the natural habitats of wildlife but also leads to overgrazing, depleting the vegetation that serves as a vital food source for the herbivores. Moreover, the presence of cattle attracts predators like leopards and wild dogs into human-animal conflict situations, leading to threats to both human and animal lives.
Illegal Fishing: A Threat to Aquatic Biodiversity
The backwaters of Srisailam and Nagarjunasagar dams have become hotspots for illegal fishing activities. This activity disturbs the aquatic ecosystem and threatens the survival of several species of fish, turtles, and otters that inhabit these waters. The river Krishna, which traverses through the reserve, sustains various aquatic life, including the Mugger crocodile. The disturbance caused by illegal fishing can disrupt the breeding and feeding patterns of these aquatic creatures, leading to an imbalance in the ecosystem.
Conservation Efforts and Way Forward
To protect the fragile ecosystem of NSTR and ensure the survival of its magnificent wildlife, it is imperative to take immediate action against cattle grazing and illegal fishing. The authorities need to implement stricter measures to prevent cattle from entering the forested areas, and local communities should be educated about the importance of conservation and sustainable grazing practices.
In the case of illegal fishing, increased patrolling and the deployment of surveillance technologies can help curb such activities. Collaboration with local fishing communities to promote sustainable fishing practices can also be a step towards a harmonious coexistence between humans and wildlife.
