Protests Against Pollution in Buddha Nullah

In early December 2024, farmers from Punjab and Rajasthan launched protests against pollution in the Buddha Nullah, a seasonal stream that flows into the Sutlej River. The movement, known as the ‘Zeher Se Mukti Andolan’ and ‘Kale Pani Da Morcha’, has gained momentum due to rising public health concerns linked to industrial waste. The farmers demand immediate action from the dyeing industries in Ludhiana, which they accuse of discharging untreated effluents into the river.

Background of Buddha Nullah

Buddha Nullah originates in Ludhiana and runs for approximately 47 km before merging with the Sutlej River. Historically a freshwater stream, it has been severely polluted by industrial activities. The pollution crisis has intensified since 2008, leading to health risks for local communities. A 2008 study brought into light the presence of toxins in the food chain due to the use of contaminated water for agriculture.

Sources of Pollution

Three primary sources contribute to the pollution of Buddha Nullah – 1. Untreated sewage waste from Ludhiana. 2. Untreated industrial effluents from over 200 dyeing units. 3. Waste from dairies, including cow dung. These sources have led to the stream being a dumping ground for hazardous waste, severely affecting water quality.

Government and Regulatory Response

The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has been involved in monitoring pollution levels. In 2018, it fined the Punjab government for failing to control pollution in the Sutlej and Beas rivers. Recent reports indicate that the water quality of Buddha Nullah does not meet established standards for Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and Total Suspended Solids (TSS).

Recent Developments

In response to the protests, Punjab Chief Minister Bhagwant Mann announced a three-phase plan to clean the stream. However, activists argue that progress has been minimal. The Punjab Pollution Control Board (PPCB) acknowledged ongoing issues, stating that untreated water continues to enter the nullah.

Community Actions

Activists and farmers remain steadfast in their demands for clean water. They have threatened further protests if their concerns are not addressed. Local leaders, including members of the All India Kisan Sabha, are vocal about the need for government accountability regarding environmental health.

Public Health Concerns

The ongoing pollution crisis poses serious public health risks. Rising disease rates and environmental degradation threaten the future of local communities. Farmers assert that industrial profits cannot outweigh the right to clean water and a dignified life.

Future Outlook

The situation remains precarious. The protests reflect a growing awareness and activism surrounding environmental issues in India. The community’s demands for clean water continue to resonate, denoting the need for sustainable industrial practices.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Discuss the impact of industrial pollution on public health in India.
2. Critically examine the role of government agencies in managing environmental pollution.
3. What are the implications of water pollution on agriculture? Provide examples.
4. Explain the significance of community activism in addressing environmental issues in India.

Answer Hints:

1. Discuss the impact of industrial pollution on public health in India.

1. Industrial pollution contributes to various health issues, including respiratory diseases, skin conditions, and gastrointestinal problems.
2. Contaminated water sources lead to bioaccumulation of toxins in the food chain, affecting nutrition and health.
3. Studies have linked industrial pollutants to increased cancer rates and reproductive health issues in affected populations.
4. Vulnerable groups, such as children and the elderly, are disproportionately affected by pollution-related health risks.
5. The economic burden of healthcare costs due to pollution-related diseases strains public health systems and families.

2. Critically examine the role of government agencies in managing environmental pollution.

1. Government agencies like the National Green Tribunal (NGT) and Pollution Control Boards are responsible for enforcing environmental laws and regulations.
2. Despite regulations, agencies often face challenges such as lack of resources, political interference, and inadequate enforcement mechanisms.
3. Public accountability and transparency in agency operations are crucial for effective pollution management.
4. Collaboration with local communities and NGOs can enhance monitoring and compliance efforts.
5. Recent fines and directives from the NGT indicate a growing recognition of the need for stringent action against polluters.

3. What are the implications of water pollution on agriculture? Provide examples.

1. Water pollution leads to the contamination of irrigation sources, affecting crop quality and safety.
2. Use of polluted water can result in the accumulation of heavy metals and toxins in food crops, posing health risks to consumers.
3. Farmers may face reduced yields and crop failures due to degraded water quality, impacting food security.
4. Examples include the contamination of rice and vegetables in Punjab due to polluted water from Buddha Nullah.
5. Long-term reliance on polluted water can degrade soil health and reduce agricultural productivity over time.

4. Explain the significance of community activism in addressing environmental issues in India.

1. Community activism raises awareness about environmental issues and mobilizes public support for change.
2. Activists play important role in holding industries and government accountable for environmental degradation.
3. Grassroots movements can influence policy decisions and lead to more stringent environmental regulations.
4. Examples include the ‘Kale Pani Da Morcha,’ which marks the collective action of farmers demanding clean water.
5. Community-led initiatives encourage local stewardship of natural resources and encourage sustainable practices.