Shaheedi Divas: Remembering Guru Tegh Bahadur’s Sacrifice

Guru Tegh Bahadur, the ninth Sikh Guru, is commemorated on November 24 as Shaheedi Divas. He was executed in 1675 under the orders of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. His martyrdom is important in Sikh history, representing the struggle against religious oppression.

Who Was Guru Tegh Bahadur?

Guru Tegh Bahadur was born on April 21, 1621, in Amritsar. He was the son of Guru Hargobind, the sixth Sikh Guru. Known for his ascetic nature, he was initially called Tyag Mal. Trained in religious philosophy and martial skills, he distinguished himself in battle at a young age.

Path to Guruship

After the death of his brother Gurditta, the guruship passed to his young nephew, Guru Har Rai. Following the death of Guru Har Rai, Guru Tegh Bahadur was recognised as the Guru in Bakala after a wealthy trader identified him through a divine sign.

Guru Tegh Bahadur’s Teachings

The Guru preached against superstitions and promoted fearlessness and equality. He travelled extensively, spreading his message across North India. His teachings resonated with diverse communities, transcending linguistic barriers.

Conflict with the Mughals

Guru Tegh Bahadur’s growing influence led to conflicts with Mughal authorities. He was falsely accused and arrested but was later released due to intervention from Raja Ram Singh. His teachings challenged the oppressive practices of the Mughal regime.

Travels and Influence

The Guru travelled beyond Punjab, reaching places like Dhaka and Puri. He established following and was instrumental in encouraging inter-regional connections among Sikhs. His travels helped in solidifying Sikh identity across India.

The Martyrdom

In 1675, Guru Tegh Bahadur was approached by Kashmiri Brahmins seeking protection from forced conversions. He challenged Aurangzeb’s authority, leading to his arrest. He was executed on November 11, 1675, after refusing to convert to Islam. The site of his execution is now Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib.

Commemoration of Shaheedi Divas

The date of his martyrdom has been subject to change due to calendar differences. It is now observed on November 24, following the introduction of the Nanakshahi calendar. His legacy continues to inspire many, symbolising resistance against tyranny.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Critically analyse the significance of Guru Tegh Bahadur’s martyrdom in the context of religious freedom in India.
2. What were the socio-political conditions during the reign of Aurangzeb? Explain how they influenced Guru Tegh Bahadur’s actions.
3. Explain the role of the Sikh Gurus in the establishment of Sikh identity. What was the impact of their teachings on contemporary society?
4. What is the significance of Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib in Sikh history? How does it relate to the legacy of Guru Tegh Bahadur?

Answer Hints:

1. Critically analyse the significance of Guru Tegh Bahadur’s martyrdom in the context of religious freedom in India.

1. Guru Tegh Bahadur’s execution represented a stand against forced conversions and religious oppression.
2. His martyrdom galvanized the Sikh community and symbolized the fight for religious freedom across India.
3. The event brought into light the importance of protecting minority rights and beliefs in a diverse society.
4. His sacrifice is commemorated annually, reinforcing the values of tolerance and respect for all faiths.
5. The martyrdom serves as a historical reference point for contemporary struggles against religious persecution.

2. What were the socio-political conditions during the reign of Aurangzeb? Explain how they influenced Guru Tegh Bahadur’s actions.

1. Aurangzeb’s reign was marked by religious intolerance and the imposition of Islamic laws on non-Muslims.
2. Forced conversions and punitive measures against dissenters led to widespread discontent among various communities.
3. The socio-political climate prompted Guru Tegh Bahadur to advocate for religious freedom and challenge Mughal authority.
4. His teachings against superstitions and coercion resonated with oppressed populations, encouraging unity among them.
5. The environment of fear and oppression catalyzed his eventual martyrdom as a direct challenge to Aurangzeb.

3. Explain the role of the Sikh Gurus in the establishment of Sikh identity. What was the impact of their teachings on contemporary society?

1. The Sikh Gurus emphasized equality, social justice, and community service, forming the core of Sikh identity.
2. They challenged caste distinctions and promoted a universal brotherhood, appealing to diverse groups.
3. The Gurus’ teachings encourageed resilience against oppression, encouraging Sikhs to stand firm in their faith.
4. The establishment of institutions like langar (community kitchen) promoted egalitarian values in society.
5. Their legacy continues to influence contemporary movements for social justice and human rights.

4. What is the significance of Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib in Sikh history? How does it relate to the legacy of Guru Tegh Bahadur?

1. Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib marks the site of Guru Tegh Bahadur’s execution, symbolizing his sacrifice for religious freedom.
2. It serves as a pilgrimage site for Sikhs, embodying the values of courage and resistance against tyranny.
3. The Gurdwara is a reminder of the ongoing struggle for justice and protection of minority rights.
4. It plays important role in preserving the memory of Guru Tegh Bahadur and educating future generations.
5. The site reflects the broader Sikh commitment to uphold the principles of equality and religious tolerance.