Reviving the Indian Cheetah Through Gene Editing

The revival of the Indian cheetah is scientific endeavour. The Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences in Lucknow is leading efforts to restore this extinct species. The Indian cheetah was declared extinct in 1962 due to over-hunting and habitat loss. The last known individuals were hunted in 1947. Recent advancements in gene editing present new opportunities for species revival.

Historical Context of the Indian Cheetah

Cheetahs were once prevalent across India. Historical records and cave paintings indicate their presence in central India. During the Mughal era, cheetahs were bred in captivity. They were highly regarded by Indian royalty. However, colonial practices led to their decline. The British administration rewarded the killing of cheetahs. This resulted in a drastic population decrease from around 10,000 to a few hundred.

Current Revitalisation Efforts

In 2022 and 2023, India imported cheetahs from Namibia and South Africa. These cheetahs were relocated to Kuno National Park in Madhya Pradesh. Unfortunately, eight of these cheetahs and five cubs have died. The ongoing project aims to revive the Indian cheetah using gene editing techniques.

Gene Editing and Whole Genome Sequencing

The Birbal Sahni Institute is employing whole genome sequencing (WGS) to study the Indian cheetah’s DNA. This process will help identify genetic variations linked to diseases. Gene editing will modify the DNA of African cheetahs to include traits of the Indian cheetah. Surrogacy methods will be used for implantation.

Scientific Collaboration and Goals

The project involves collaboration with the Zoological Survey of India. The goal is to create cheetahs that closely resemble the original Indian species. This effort also seeks to enhance understanding of the factors leading to their extinction. Previous studies have compared mitochondrial DNA from both Indian and African cheetahs.

Challenges in Reviving the Cheetah Population

Reviving the Indian cheetah faces challenges. The current environment may not be suitable for their survival. Experts caution against displacing animals from their natural habitats. Concerns have been raised about the effectiveness of introducing foreign cheetahs into India. The historical context of extinction raises questions about future conservation strategies.

Public and Scientific Response

The scientific community is divided on the revival project. Some express optimism about gene editing techniques. Others highlight the risks of attempting to bring back a species that has been extinct for decades. Public opinion is also mixed, with concerns over animal welfare and ecological balance.

Future Directions

The future of the Indian cheetah hinges on successful gene editing and habitat restoration. Continued research and monitoring will be essential. The project aims not only to revive a species but also to educate and inform about conservation practices. The revival of the Indian cheetah could serve as a model for similar efforts globally.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Critically discuss the impact of colonial policies on wildlife conservation in India.
2. Examine the ethical implications of using gene editing for species revival.
3. What is the significance of whole genome sequencing in understanding extinct species? How can it aid in conservation efforts?
4. Analyse the challenges faced by conservationists in reintroducing species into their native habitats.

Answer Hints:

1. Critically discuss the impact of colonial policies on wildlife conservation in India.

1. Colonial policies led to the systematic hunting of wildlife, including cheetahs, viewed as threats to livestock.
2. The British administration offered bounties for killing cheetahs, drastically reducing their population from around 10,000 to a few hundred.
3. Colonial attitudes prioritized game hunting over conservation, neglecting ecological balance.
4. Post-independence, the legacy of colonial exploitation influenced conservation policies and practices in India.
5. The lack of legal consequences for wildlife crimes during the colonial period set a precedent for ongoing challenges in wildlife protection.

2. Examine the ethical implications of using gene editing for species revival.

1. Gene editing raises questions about the naturalness of species revival and the authenticity of reintroduced populations.
2. Concerns exist regarding animal welfare and the potential suffering of edited animals.
3. The ecological impact of introducing gene-edited species into existing ecosystems is uncertain and could disrupt current biodiversity.
4. Ethical considerations include the responsibility of humans to rectify past extinctions versus the risks of playing ‘God’ with nature.
5. Public acceptance and regulatory frameworks are critical for the ethical implementation of such technologies in conservation.

3. What is the significance of whole genome sequencing in understanding extinct species? How can it aid in conservation efforts?

1. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) provides comprehensive vital information about the genetic makeup of extinct species.
2. WGS helps identify genetic variations linked to diseases that may have contributed to the species’ extinction.
3. It enables comparisons between extinct and extant species, aiding in understanding evolutionary relationships.
4. WGS can inform breeding programs and genetic management strategies for conservation of related species.
5. The data obtained can guide habitat restoration efforts by identifying ecological needs based on genetic traits.

4. Analyse the challenges faced by conservationists in reintroducing species into their native habitats.

1. Habitat loss and degradation pose barriers to the successful reintroduction of species.
2. Current ecosystems may not support the reintroduced species due to changes in flora and fauna dynamics.
3. Public perception and acceptance of reintroduced species can lead to conflicts, especially with local communities.
4. Monitoring and managing the health and behavior of reintroduced individuals can be resource-intensive and complex.
5. Legal and regulatory frameworks may need to adapt to accommodate new conservation strategies involving reintroductions.