The census is a systematic process of collecting, analysing, and interpreting demographic data. In India, its history dates back to the early 19th century. The census has evolved over time, reflecting changes in governance, society, and technology.
Early Beginnings (1800-1830)
The first census in England was conducted in 1800. Following this model, the British colonial administration initiated censuses in India. The first notable census in India occurred in Allahabad in 1824, followed by Banaras in 1827-28, led by James Prinsep. In 1830, Henry Walter conducted the first complete census in Dacca, collecting data on population demographics, housing, and amenities.
Quinquennial Returns (1849-1861)
In 1849, the Government of India mandated local authorities to conduct quinquennial population returns. This marked the beginning of systematic population tracking in Madras. The returns were recorded during the years 1851-52, 1856-57, 1861-62, and 1866-67. The census in the North Western provinces in 1852 involved a comprehensive house-to-house enumeration.
Post-Mutiny Census Efforts (1865-1871)
Following the 1857 mutinies, the planned 1861 census was postponed. However, a census was successfully conducted in the North Western provinces on 10 January 1865. Similar efforts occurred in the central provinces in November 1866 and Berar in 1867. The Punjab census was done in 1855 and 1868, while Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta conducted their censuses in 1863, 1864, and 1866, respectively.
The Census of 1871
The census of 1871 was as it marked a shift to a more structured approach. The Government of India and the Home Government agreed on a general population census. However, it did not cover all British territories. The census involved a house register with 17 questions, including name, age, religion, caste, and literacy. This census laid the groundwork for future enumerations.
Advancements in 1881 Census
The 1881 census, conducted on 17 February, was a landmark event. Conducted by W.C. Plowden, it aimed for comprehensive coverage and introduced new demographic classifications. The census included all of British India, excluding Kashmir, and a separate census was performed in Portuguese territories. The schedule contained 12 questions, including sex, marital status, mother tongue, and literacy.
Further Developments in 1891 Census
The 1891 census, conducted from 26 February, built on the 1881 model. It aimed for complete coverage, including regions like Kashmir and Sikkim. The schedule expanded to 14 questions, refining data collection on religion, caste, literacy, and occupation. Notably, it shifted from mother tongue to parental tongue for language data.
Census of 1901
The 1901 census was notable for its comprehensive approach. It was the first census after the 1891 census and focused on assessing the impact of the previous decade’s events. The census aimed to refine demographic accuracy and included questions on housing, sanitation, and health.
Subsequent Censuses (1911-1941)
The 1911 census introduced improvements in data collection and analysis. It focused on socio-economic factors, including employment and education. The 1921 census faced challenges due to the effects of World War I but still aimed for thoroughness. The 1931 census was for its emphasis on social and economic indicators, while the 1941 census was impacted by World War II.
Post-Independence Censuses (1951-Present)
After India’s independence in 1947, the first census was conducted in 1951. It marked a new era, reflecting the democratic values of the nation. Subsequent censuses in 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991, 2001, and 2011 continued to build on previous methodologies. Each census aimed to provide vital information about population growth, urbanisation, and socio-economic conditions.
Methodology and Data Collection
Census methodology has evolved . Initially, enumerators conducted door-to-door surveys. Modern censuses employ advanced technologies, including online data collection and mobile applications. The emphasis on data accuracy and privacy has increased, with measures to ensure confidentiality.
Significance of the Census
The census serves multiple purposes. It informs government policy, aids in resource allocation, and supports development planning. The data collected is crucial for understanding demographic trends, migration patterns, and social issues. It also helps in the representation of communities in legislative processes.
Challenges in Census Execution
Census execution faces various challenges. These include logistical issues, such as reaching remote areas, and ensuring participation from all communities. Political sensitivities and socio-economic factors can also affect data accuracy. Efforts to address these challenges are ongoing.
Future of Census in India
The future of the census in India looks towards integrating technology for more efficient data collection. Plans for the next census include using digital platforms to enhance participation and accuracy. The focus will remain on capturing the diverse socio-economic landscape of the country.
