The Eastern Ghats, a vast mountain range stretching along the eastern coast of India, harbors a treasure trove of biodiversity, making it a haven for wildlife enthusiasts and researchers alike. The Eastern Ghats, often overshadowed by their western counterparts, are nonetheless a hotspot of biodiversity. Spanning across several states, including Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka, these ancient hills are home to a plethora of flora and fauna, creating a unique ecological tapestry.
Keystone Species
- Indian Elephant (Elephas maximus)
One of the most iconic inhabitants of the Eastern Ghats is the Indian Elephant. These majestic creatures play a crucial role in shaping the landscape through their feeding and migration patterns. However, the increasing human-wildlife conflict poses a significant threat to their population.
- Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris)
The dense forests of the Eastern Ghats provide an ideal habitat for the Bengal Tiger. With conservation efforts gaining momentum, these big cats are slowly making a comeback. The Simlipal National Park in Odisha stands as a testament to successful tiger conservation in the region.
Avian Diversity
- Malabar Pied Hornbill (Anthracoceros coronatus)
The diverse topography of the Eastern Ghats supports a rich avian community, with the Malabar Pied Hornbill being a notable resident. These birds are crucial for seed dispersal, contributing to the region’s ecological balance. However, habitat loss threatens their survival.
- Nilgiri Flycatcher (Eumyias albicaudatus)
Endemic to the Western and Eastern Ghats, the Nilgiri Flycatcher is a small, vibrantly colored bird. Its presence indicates the health of the forest ecosystem. Conservation efforts are vital to ensure the continued existence of this unique species.
Reptilian Wonders
- Indian Rock Python (Python molurus)
The Eastern Ghats are home to the Indian Rock Python, a non-venomous constrictor. Despite their ecological importance in controlling rodent populations, these reptiles face threats from poaching and habitat degradation.
- Indian Star Tortoise (Geochelone elegans)
Known for their striking star-like patterns on the shell, Indian Star Tortoises are found in the scrub and grasslands of the Eastern Ghats. Unfortunately, illegal trade and habitat loss pose severe threats to their survival.
Amphibian Marvels
- Golden-backed Frog (Hylarana aurantiaca)
The Eastern Ghats host a variety of amphibians, including the vibrant Golden-backed Frog. These creatures are excellent indicators of ecosystem health, and their decline signals environmental degradation.
- Jerdon’s Bullfrog (Hoplobatrachus jerdonii)
Endemic to the Eastern Ghats, Jerdon’s Bullfrog is a species of concern due to habitat destruction and pollution. Conservation initiatives are crucial to protect the breeding grounds of these amphibians.
Conservation Challenges and Initiatives
| Species | Conservation Status | Major Threats |
| Indian Elephant | Vulnerable | Human-wildlife conflict, habitat loss |
| Bengal Tiger | Endangered | Habitat loss, poaching |
| Malabar Pied Hornbill | Near Threatened | Habitat loss, hunting |
| Nilgiri Flycatcher | Vulnerable | Habitat fragmentation, climate change |
| Indian Rock Python | Near Threatened | Illegal trade, habitat destruction |
| Indian Star Tortoise | Vulnerable | Illegal trade, habitat loss |
| Golden-backed Frog | Least Concern | Habitat loss, pollution |
| Jerdon’s Bullfrog | Vulnerable | Habitat destruction, pollution |
The Eastern Ghats stand as a testament to India’s incredible biodiversity. The region’s fauna, from charismatic megafauna to tiny amphibians, contributes to the delicate ecological balance of these ancient hills.
