The New START treaty stands as a critical bilateral nuclear arms control agreement between two of the world’s superpowers, the United States and Russia. Formally titled “Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms,” this treaty represents a significant effort to manage and reduce the nuclear arsenals of both nations. Signed in 2010 and entering into force in February 2011, the treaty was originally set with a ten-year duration, bringing it to an expiration date of February 5, 2021. As the deadline approaches, the treaty’s future hangs in the balance, with the Biden Administration stepping forward with a proposal to extend the agreement for another five years, recognizing its importance in preventing a renewed nuclear arms race.
Background of the New START Treaty
The New START treaty was conceived as a follow-up to previous arms control agreements, most notably the original START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) signed in 1991 and the SORT (Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty) of 2002. The objective of New START is to verifiably limit the number of strategic nuclear warheads and their delivery systems that each country can deploy. This includes intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs), and heavy bombers equipped for nuclear armaments.
Key Provisions of the Treaty
Under the New START treaty, both the United States and Russia agreed to several substantial commitments. Each side is allowed to maintain a maximum of 1,550 deployed strategic nuclear warheads, which represents a reduction of nearly 30% from the limit set by the SORT treaty. Additionally, the treaty limits the number of deployed and non-deployed missile launchers and heavy bombers to 800, with further restrictions on the number of deployed ICBMs, deployed SLBMs, and deployed heavy bombers to 700.
The treaty also established a robust verification regime that includes on-site inspections, data exchanges, and notifications related to treaty-limited items and facilities. These measures are designed to foster transparency and enable each party to confirm the other’s compliance with the treaty’s terms.
Expiration and Extension Proposal
With the looming expiration date of February 5, 2021, the New START treaty faces uncertainty. Its expiration would remove the last formal restraint on U.S. and Russian nuclear forces, potentially leading to an unchecked arms race. In response to this concern, the newly inaugurated Biden Administration has proposed a five-year extension of the treaty. This extension does not require Congressional approval and can be enacted through executive agreement between the two nations.
Importance of the Treaty
The significance of the New START treaty extends beyond the direct implications for U.S. and Russian nuclear arsenals. It serves as a cornerstone of international arms control and non-proliferation efforts. By capping the number of nuclear weapons and delivery systems, the treaty helps to prevent the escalation of nuclear tensions and promotes global stability. Moreover, it sets a precedent for future arms control agreements and provides a framework for other countries to engage in nuclear disarmament.
Challenges and Criticisms
Despite the benefits, the treaty has faced challenges and criticisms. Some detractors argue that the treaty disproportionately benefits Russia due to disparities in the types and readiness of nuclear forces. Others contend that it fails to address emerging threats such as hypersonic weapons and new strategic systems. Additionally, the treaty does not cover tactical nuclear weapons, which remain outside its scope.
The Road Ahead
As the deadline for the New START treaty’s expiration nears, the international community watches closely to see whether the United States and Russia will secure its extension. The outcome will have profound implications for global security and the future of nuclear arms control. With the Biden Administration’s push for a five-year renewal, there is hope that this pivotal agreement will continue to serve its purpose in reducing the risks associated with nuclear proliferation and ensuring a measure of strategic stability between the two largest nuclear powers.
