The Surat Split occurred in 1907, dividing the Indian National Congress (INC) into two factions – the Moderates and the Extremists. This division stemmed from ideological differences regarding the approach to British rule. The split marked a very important moment in the Indian independence movement.
Background
The INC was formed in 1885 to promote political dialogue and reform. Initially, it comprised leaders who believed in gradual reforms. By the early 20th century, tensions arose over strategies to counter British policies, particularly regarding the Partition of Bengal in 1905.
The Banaras Session of 1905
During the Banaras Session, the INC discussed the Bengal partition. Both factions supported Swadeshi and Boycott movements. However, Extremists, led by figures like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, sought a more aggressive nationwide agitation. Moderates preferred a restrained approach, focusing on constitutional methods.
The Calcutta Session of 1906
In 1906, the Calcutta Session saw the passing of four key resolutions – Swadeshi, Boycott, Swaraj, and National Education. The Extremists pushed for a broader interpretation, while Moderates sought to limit their scope. This disagreement foreshadowed the split.
Events Leading to the Split
The 1907 Surat Session was marked by intense rivalry over leadership. The Extremists wanted Tilak or Lala Lajpat Rai as president, while the Moderates favoured Ras Behari Ghosh. The venue changed from Nagpur to Surat, preventing Tilak from presiding.
The Split at Surat
On December 26, 1907, the split became official. The Extremists were sidelined as Ghosh was elected president. This division led to separate conventions, with the Moderates reaffirming their commitment to gradual reform.
Causes of the Surat Split
Several factors contributed to the split:
- Ideological differences between Moderates and Extremists.
- Disagreements over the interpretation of resolutions from the Calcutta Session.
- Leadership tussles and the venue change.
- Growing popularity of Extremist leaders.
Ideological Differences
Moderates believed in the “Three Ps” – Prayer, Petition, and Protest. They sought reforms through dialogue with the British. In contrast, Extremists followed the “Three Ss” – Self-reliance, Sacrifice, and Strong Will. They demanded immediate action against British rule.
Aftermath of the Surat Split
Following the split, the British government intensified repressive measures against Extremists. Several laws were enacted, including:
- Seditious Meetings Act (1907)
- Indian Newspapers (Incitement to Offences) Act (1908)
- Criminal Law Amendment Act (1908)
- Indian Press Act (1910)
Prominent leaders like Tilak were imprisoned, while others withdrew from politics.
Failures of the Surat Split
The split had several detrimental effects:
- Moderates lost popular support and effectiveness.
- Extremists could not sustain a cohesive movement.
- The split weakened the overall nationalist movement.
Impact on the National Movement
The Surat Split had lasting repercussions. It brought into light the need for unity among nationalists. The British exploited the division, implementing policies to suppress dissent. However, the split also paved the way for new leadership and strategies in the independence movement.
Reunification at the Lucknow Session
In 1916, the Moderates and Extremists reunited at the Lucknow Session. This reunion was facilitated by the growing recognition of the need for a united front against British rule. The Home Rule League, established by Tilak and Annie Besant, played important role in this process.
The Role of Gandhi
The emergence of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi marked shift in the independence movement. His approach combined elements from both factions. Gandhi promoted non-violent resistance and mass mobilization, appealing to a broader audience.
Key Figures
The Surat Split involved several influential leaders:
- Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Extremist leader advocating for direct action. - Lala Lajpat Rai
Prominent voice for radical methods. - Ras Behari Ghosh
Moderate leader who became president post-split. - Gopal Krishna Gokhale
A leading Moderate, influencing early INC strategies.
