The Khalji Revolution marked shift in the Delhi Sultanate, leading to the rise of the Khalji Dynasty from 1290 to 1320. This period was characterised by a transformation in governance and social structure. The Khaljis overthrew the Slave Dynasty, primarily due to dissatisfaction with the ruling elite’s ineffectiveness. Their ascent was not merely a change of rulers but a revolution that reshaped the state.
Background of the Khalji Revolution
Following the death of Balban in 1286, confusion ensued in Delhi. His chosen successor, Mahmud, had already died in battle. Bughra Khan, another son, preferred ruling Bengal. A young and inexperienced grandson was appointed, leading to dissatisfaction among the nobility. The Khaljis, of mixed Turkish-Afghan origin, sought recognition and power. They successfully leveraged their military strength to overthrow the established order in 1290.
Characteristics of the Khalji Revolution
The Khalji Revolution is notable for several reasons:
- The Khaljis gained power through military might rather than noble support.
- It represented a revolt against the Turkish nobility.
- The rise of the Khaljis broadened the social base of the ruling class to include non-Turks and Indian Muslims.
Historian Barani noted that the empire shifted from Turkish control with the Khalji accession.
Administrative Reforms Under the Khaljis
The Khaljis introduced several administrative measures:
- Market regulations were established to fix prices of commodities.
- A new administrative structure was created, including the Shuhna and Barids.
- Land revenue administration was reformed with a measurement system.
The Sultan’s power was centralised, reducing the influence of the Ulema and other power centres.
Jalaluddin Khalji (1290-1296)
Jalaluddin Khalji became Sultan after removing the ineffective successors of Balban. His reign was marked by:
- Suppression of revolts from Balban’s former officers.
- Defeating a Mongol force at the Sind River.
- A more humane approach to governance, promoting goodwill among nobility.
He aimed to create a state based on the support of diverse communities, including Hindus, and rejected the exclusivity of previous rulers.
Alauddin Khalji (1296-1316)
Alauddin Khalji ascended the throne by murdering Jalaluddin. His reign was characterised by:
- A highly centralised government where the Sultan viewed himself as the “Shadow of God.”
- Harsh measures against nobles to maintain control.
- Military reforms to strengthen the army and administration.
Alauddin’s policies diverged from Jalaluddin’s benevolence, focusing instead on fear as a means of governance.
Military Reforms of Alauddin Khalji
Alauddin implemented military reforms:
- He maintained a large standing army.
- Introduced horse branding (dagh) and descriptive registers (huliya) to prevent corruption.
- Abolished the Jagir system, opting for cash salaries for soldiers.
These reforms aimed to create a loyal and efficient military force.
Territorial Expansion Under Alauddin Khalji
Alauddin’s reign saw territorial expansion:
- Gujarat was conquered in 1299, followed by Malwa in 1305.
- Ranthambhor and Chittor were captured, demonstrating military prowess.
- The Deccan was targeted for wealth acquisition rather than direct annexation.
Each campaign aimed to consolidate power and amass resources.
Conquests and Campaigns
Alauddin’s military campaigns included:
- Gujarat – Plundered for its wealth; Anhilwara was sacked.
- Malwa – Fort Mandu was captured, expanding control in central India.
- Ranthambhor – A prolonged siege led to its capture in 1300.
- Chittor – Surrendered after several assaults in 1303.
These conquests were strategic, focusing on both territorial control and wealth acquisition.
Southward Expansion
Alauddin’s campaigns extended to the Deccan:
- Devagiri was targeted for its tribute potential.
- Malik Kafur led expeditions to southern kingdoms, accumulating wealth.
- Sirpur and Warangal were attacked, but not annexed, maintaining protectorate status.
This approach aimed to maximise profit while minimising conflict.
Dealing with the Mongol Threat
Alauddin faced multiple Mongol invasions:
- Successfully repelled invasions in 1297-98 and 1299.
- Strengthened defences around Delhi in response to threats.
- Defeated Mongol forces in 1305, ensuring stability.
These military successes reinforced Alauddin’s position and authority.
Legacy of the Khalji Revolution
The Khalji Revolution reshaped the Delhi Sultanate:
- It ended the Turkish monopoly in high offices.
- Broadened the social base of the ruling class.
- Set a precedent for future rulers regarding governance and military strategy.
The Khaljis established a new era, impacting subsequent dynasties and the socio-political landscape of India.
